关键词： 市井小说   世俗生活   创作者   市井生活   市井文学  

摘要： 市井小说继承的是话本小说的艺术传统,具有通俗性的艺术品格,它起源于勾栏瓦肆娱乐性的说唱艺术,后来在文人创作的传奇、小说和通俗曲艺中市井意识得到凝聚,到明代中后期出现了类似《金瓶梅》那样成熟的传达市井价值观的小说。中国传统市井小说擅长讲述小市民的日常生计烦恼和婚恋情感的迷茫,对俗世生活和人的食色本性逐渐上升到哲学认知和审美层次,对抚养街衢百姓、汇集三教九流的市井有相当深入的揭示。

关键词： 小说写作   城市文学   曾钺   现实关怀   格非   精神困惑   先锋小说   黄雅莉   写作动机   王安忆  

摘要： 一、我的作品写给谁看？饶翔：这两天集中读了你的长篇《蝌蚪》和《我们的踟蹰》。我感觉两本书写作的差别还是挺明显的,《我们的踟蹰》写得更成熟,我也蛮有兴趣跟你聊聊这个小说的。以前我们也没怎么聊过天,不知道你平时是不是很健谈。弋舟：我不大善谈,这些年可能还好一些,以前跟人交流都会有点儿障碍。饶翔：但是你写没问题。

关键词： 城市文学   现代性   地域性   叙事伦理  

摘要： 在城市文学研究领域,学界一直把城市文学的概念界定作为起点,在此基础上进行具体的研究。其中基于"现代性"属性和"地域性"属性的两类研究成绩最为显著,但是由于城市文学处于文化转型期的特殊语境,无论"现代性"还是"地域性"都遮蔽了城市文学精神内涵的丰富和多元,造成自身无法超越的局限性。城市文学的核心是"人"与"城市"的关系,它的价值在于能够触及文化转型时期人的生存状态和伦理诉求,能够揭示中国社会所面临的典型矛盾和问题。在这一方面,叙事伦理学为城市文学提供了新的研究视角和理论基础,规避了为转型期的城市文学定性导致的种种困境,有利于城市文学精神向度的建构。

ISBN: (纸本)9787520302654

关键词： 儿童文学   城市书写   城市空间   自主性   规范性   童年精神  

摘要： 20世纪90年代以来的中国儿童文学在书写有限的城市空间范围时,呈现出成人与儿童二者的权力抗衡。在这类城市书写中,一方面文本呈现出儿童活动区域及范围的多元与扩大,但另一方面相较无边界的自然,儿童却在有限的现代城市空间中受到更为集中的权力宰制。儿童虽然无法完全摆脱成人透过空间的权力施展,但他们同样积极协商和建构自我的社会空间与权力场域,这也构成了现代童年精神的重要内容。

关键词： Ethnicity   Ecosystem governance   Migration   Multiculturalism   Urban planning   Urban forestry  

摘要： Understanding how different ethno-cultural groups value urban nature is important to understand the role of ethno-cultural diversity in urban ecosystem management. Based on a systematic literature review, this paper summarizes the empirical evidence on how different ethno-cultural groups use, perceive, prefer, and assign meaning to urban nature. I use the urban forest, defined here as all the trees in a city, as a proxy to understand this process. The 31 studies reviewed here differ widely in their lines of inquiry, research methods, urban natural setting, and conceptualizations of ethno-cultural identity. Most studies take place in the US and Europe, where the most common definition of an ethno-culturally diverse group is a person of non-European/non-White background. Most studies focus on what these groups like about a particular urban natural setting, such as an urban park;and whether they like more or less trees in a specific context (e.g. urban park). These groups usually prefer passive and social uses of urban natural areas, and more manicured/functional natural landscapes with less trees. The most common meanings associated with urban natural settings dominated by trees are social interaction and integration. The most common explanations on why these differences occur involve theories on socio-economic marginality, collectivist vs. individualist cultures, urban vs. rural lifestyles, and landscapes of origin. Future research on the topic will benefit by differentiating race from ethnicity, capturing intra-ethnic variation, capturing immigrant identities, exploring the different social, cultural, and economic factors that influence values and/or preferences, and focusing on concrete aspects of urban nature, such as urban forests.

关键词： last mile   urban freight distribution   vehicle   city logistics  

摘要： The advent of new technologies in last mile deliveries is about to cause a disruption in the traditional business model applied in urban cargo transportation, thus presenting innumerous research opportunities in this field of knowledge. In this context, identifying new operation models and vehicles that could be applied for last mile deliveries in urban areas becomes crucial. Therefore, this paper aims to identify, through a systematic literature review, the main types of vehicles addressed in the literature that could be used in the last mile of urban freight distribution in order to increase the sustainability of this type of operation. The results indicate a trend for the implementation of smaller and lighter vehicles for last mile deliveries in urban areas: 47% of the studies suggest, among other alternatives, the use of bicycles and tricycles;while 53% of the articles support the use of light commercial vehicles. Another trend observed in this type of distribution, indicated in 64% of the studies, is the shift from conventional (fossil fuels) to alternative sources of energy (electricity).

关键词： Urban streams   Stream chemistry   Land use/land cover   Flooding   Isotope hydrology   Hydrograph separations  

摘要： High frequency monitoring of water quality and stable isotopes quantify large hydrological and geochemical differences across a rural to urban land use gradient that includes three watersheds and two of their subbasins. Following precipitation events, floods on a rural stream feature hydrographs with low peak discharges and long lag times, high baseflow contributions, and small geochemical variations. In contrast, the flows of an urban stream and its tributary respond in a flashy manner, with average lag times decreasing by at least 55% compared to the rural stream. We also observed that baseflow contributions during floods decreased by an average of 40% in the urban streams. Importantly, we find that reduced baseflow as a function of increasing impervious surface area is not a linear trend among the streams, and suburban streams are less impacted than would be predicted by impervious surface area alone. The urban streams also exhibit large variations in water quality parameters during flooding events, often with five times the variability of the rural end-member. These differences are observed among all physical and geochemical characteristics that were monitored, including flow magnitude, stable isotope ratios, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, turbidity, specific conductivity, concentrations of Cr and nutrients, and bacterial loads. The great variability of urban streams following storms is paralleled by their larger diurnal and seasonal oscillations. Collectively, the extreme variations in the physical and geochemical character of urban streams have negative consequences to environmental quality and aquatic life. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Meteorological radar  

摘要： In urban areas, hydrological processes are characterized by high variability in space and time, making them sensitive to small-scale temporal and spatial rainfall variability. In the last decades new instruments, techniques, and methods have been developed to capture rainfall and hydrological processes at high resolution. Weather radars have been introduced to estimate high spatial and temporal rainfall variability. At the same time, new models have been proposed to reproduce hydrological response, based on small-scale representation of urban catchment spatial variability. Despite these efforts, interactions between rainfall variability, catchment heterogeneity, and hydrological response remain poorly understood. This paper presents a review of our current understanding of hydrological processes in urban environments as reported in the literature, focusing on their spatial and temporal variability aspects. We review recent findings on the effects of rainfall variability on hydrological response and identify gaps where knowledge needs to be further developed to improve our understanding of and capability to predict urban hydrological response.

摘要： While approximately 338 million people in the Northern hemisphere live in regions that are regularly snow covered in winter, there is little hydro-climatologic knowledge in the cities impacted by snow. Using observations and modelling we have evaluated the energy and water exchanges of four cities that are exposed to wintertime snow. We show that the presence of snow critically changes the impact that city design has on the local-scale hydrology and climate. After snow melt, the cities return to being strongly controlled by the proportion of built and vegetated surfaces. However in winter, the presence of snow masks the influence of the built and vegetated fractions. We show how inter-year variability of wintertime temperature can modify this effect of snow. With increasing temperatures, these cities could be pushed towards very different partitioning between runoff and evapotranspiration. We derive the dependency of wintertime runoff on this warming effect in combination with the effect of urban densification.