关键词： hydrologic connectivity   restoration   stormwater   stream ecosystems   urbanization   watershed storage  

摘要： Urbanization threatens headwater stream ecosystems globally. Watershed restoration practices, such as infiltration-based stormwater management, are implemented to mitigate the detrimental effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems. However, their effectiveness for restoring hydrologic processes and watershed storage remains poorly understood. Our study used a comparative hydrology approach to quantify the effects of urban watershed restoration on watershed hydrologic function in headwater streams within the Coastal Plain of Maryland, USA. We selected 11 headwater streams that spanned an urbanization-restoration gradient (4 forested, 4 urban-degraded, and 3 urban-degraded) to evaluate changes in watershed hydrologic function from both urbanization and watershed restoration. Discrete discharge and continuous, high-frequency rainfall-stage monitoring were conducted in each watershed. These datasets were used to develop 6 hydrologic metrics describing changes in watershed storage, flowpath connectivity, or the resultant stream flow regime. The hydrological effects of urbanization were clearly observed in all metrics, but only 1 of the 3 restored watersheds exhibited partially restored hydrologic function. At this site, a larger minimum runoff threshold was observed relative to the urban-degraded watersheds, suggesting enhanced infiltration of stormwater runoff within the restoration structure. However, baseflow in the stream draining this watershed remained low compared to the forested reference streams, suggesting that enhanced infiltration of stormwater runoff did not recharge subsurface storage zones contributing to stream baseflow. The highly variable responses among the 3 restored watersheds were likely due to the spatial heterogeneity of urban development, including the level of impervious cover and extent of the storm sewer network. This study yielded important knowledge on how restoration strategies, such as infiltration-based stormwater management, modulated

关键词： urban ecology   energy-water nexus   electricity   urban sustainability   hydrologic alteration  

摘要： Cities are concentrations of sociopolitical power and prime architects of land transformation, while also serving as consumption hubs of "hard" water and energy infrastructures. These infrastructures extend well outside metropolitan boundaries and impact distal river ecosystems. We used a comprehensive model to quantify the roles of anthropogenic stressors on hydrologic alteration and biodiversity in US streams and isolate the impacts stemming from hard infrastructure developments in cities. Across the contiguous United States, cities' hard infrastructures have significantly altered at least 7% of streams, which influence habitats for over 60% of North America's fish, mussel, and crayfish species. Additionally, city infrastructures have contributed to local extinctions in 260 species and currently influence 970 indigenous species, 27% of which are in jeopardy. We find that ecosystem impacts do not scale with city size but are instead proportionate to infrastructure decisions. For example, Atlanta's impacts by hard infrastructures extend across four major river basins, 12,500 stream km, and contribute to 100 local extinctions of aquatic species. In contrast, Las Vegas, a similar size city, impacts <1,000 stream km, leading to only seven local extinctions. So, cities have local policy choices that can reduce future impacts to regional aquatic ecosystems as they grow. By coordinating policy and communication between hard infrastructure sectors, local city governments and utilities can directly improve environmental quality in a significant fraction of the nation's streams reaching far beyond their city boundaries.

关键词： 城市文学   文学书写   中国文学史   20世纪90年代   突围   困境   人物形象   文学背景  

摘要： 一、70后城市文学书写的社会与文学背景有学者指出，在20世纪90年代之后，城市文学已经成为中国文学主要潮流。城市文学第一次历史性地在中国文学中占有重要的地位。这一次的城市文学书写在本质意义上完全不同于中国文学史上出现过有关城市的书写。它不同于繁荣于明代和清代的市人文学，市人文学的作家们第一次将三教九流等各色人物形象和人物问的冲突带人中国文学作品中。

关键词： 主持人   城市文学   学术研讨会   八十年代   文学理论   改革开放   城市意识   北戴河  

摘要： 上个世纪八十年代时，学术界曾经在北戴河召开了首届“城市文学理论笔会”（1983年），那是改革开放之后第一次对“城市文学”进行理论研究的学术研讨会。这次会议对什么是城市文学、城市意识等话题进行了比较深入的讨论，特别是围绕着什么是“城市文学”，大家的争论还是比较激烈的。

关键词： 巴比特   刘易斯   空间生产   男性气质   住宅市场  

摘要： 1921年7月20日,辛克莱·刘易斯的妻子格蕾丝给出版商阿尔弗莱德·哈考特写信说到她丈夫在着手写《巴比特》(1922)之前已经画好了一整套的泽尼斯城市地形图。这些地形图虽然在此信中被提及却始终未引起研究者的关注,更没有人去考证它们的存在性和价值性。直到1961年刘易斯死后,研究者约翰·梅斐尔德在刘易斯佛蒙特州巴纳德家中书房里偶然发现这套刘易斯亲自手绘的。

关键词： 西方现代性   都市文学   女性文化   上海   中国现代文学   国际大都市   日常生存   新感觉  

摘要： 上海始终是中国现代文学的情欲与先锋感觉的一座孤岛。它是在西方现代性扩张下诞生的和在一个全球化境遇中存在的国际大都市,它成了中国现代文学的多元和多样性的生成场域。从在十里洋场中的奇情与爱欲,到都市感性的新感觉,再到那描写回归都市日常生存家常感的张爱玲,这个脉络延续下来,就有了怀旧与断裂中的王安忆,

关键词： Urbanization   Disturbances   River   Riparian area   Collembola  

摘要： Soil Collembola communities inhabiting urban zones are highly modified by anthropogenic disturbances. This effect has not yet been studied along an urban river, where hydrological processes play an important role. The main objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the variation in Collembola communities is distinctly different in the riparian area of a river and in nearby area not influenced by processes associated with river activity, i.e. exposed only to urbanization. The study was performed in Warsaw and surroundings (Poland) along the Vistula River. Sampling was conducted in three locations, varying with respect to the level of anthropogenic disturbances in the city center (high level of anthropogenic disturbances), at the edge of city (moderate level of anthropogenic disturbances) and outside of the city (low level of anthropogenic disturbances), each in the area located in front of the levee (prevalent influence of hydrological processes) and behind the levee (lack of river influence), in spring and autumn. The level of anthropogenic disturbances was associated with a significant variation in the Collembola communities only in the area located behind the levee. Season was associated with significant community variation only in the area located in front of the levee, which can be induced by variable hydrological processes. It can be concluded that anthropogenic disturbances do not affect Collembola communities in the riparian area of an urban river, which reflects the high resistance of communities associated with inundated soils to disturbances in a city. (C) 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Creative city   Cultural policy   Literature field   UNESCO   Urban culture  

摘要： Since the 1980s, cultural policies have been increasingly oriented to promoting cities. However, under the paradigm of the creative city, this approach had presented several dilemmas and contradictions. Since then, there have been various attempts to tackle such issues through a more systematic approach to cultural policy — what we identify as cultural governance oriented to cultural generation. Barcelona is a paradigmatic case illustrating this trend. The city's candidature as UNESCO City of Literature in 2015 reveals an attempt to combine international promotion, development of local cultural industries, citizen cultural engagement. Moreover, this project emerges as an attempt to capitalize on the local literary heritage and on the image of local literature as a sign of identity. Finally, we highlight some limits and contradictions arising from the approach adopted by Barcelona. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： 都市文学   自我救赎   形而下   现代都市   人文关怀  

摘要： 岭南都市文学是我国当代文学的重要组成部分,再现了岭南经济都市生活中民众的精神困境,反思了市场经济下的人生价值,为都市灵魂的安顿提供了一条出路。岭南独特的地域环境及现代都市生活,使岭南都市文学在保持传统人文精神特色的同时,更具备了现实的人文关怀——对都市人群精神困境与自我救赎的关注。本文主要由岭南都市文学代表作家张欣的小说,分析其中的人文关怀,以此展现岭南都市文学的时代精神与文化价值。

关键词： 都市文化   城市化运动   现代文学   都市文学   都市景观   精神形态   小资   张悦然   审美方式   北京娃娃  

摘要： 现代意义上的大都市和都市文化出现于19世纪的巴黎和伦敦,以大街区、走廊、广场等都市景观的建设为物质硬件,以都市文学、都市艺术和都市生活方式等文化精神形态的形成为软件标志。a在中国,上世纪80年代,伴随着城市化运动的快速发展,中国都市文化逐渐形成,从而成为现代文学的土壤。80后是城里长大的一代,拥有丰富的都市生活经验,网络作为第二都市文化空间,扩展了80后的审美方式和价值观念。