关键词： 科幻文学   虚拟城市   空间建构   未来空间  

摘要： 科幻文学一直是以预见、想象和科学事实三者交织的形式来表现人类未来的物质精神,它是人们对未来城市图景的大胆猜想或是预测。城市设计同样也需要丰富的想象力与创造力,借鉴文学作品中的城市设定与虚构来思考现实中的城市在未来的发展,思考人类生存空间和复杂庞大的城市中存在的诸多问题。科幻文本世界的构建与未来城市空间规划二者具有关联性,从时间、空间两个方面,对文学中的虚拟城市和现实中的城市进行形态分析,科幻文学为城市空间未来形态发展模式的可能性方面也提供了思考的新范式。

关键词： Stormwater treatment wetlands   Hurricane Irma   Wetland water budget   Urban runoff   Nitrogen   Phosphorus   Coastal pollution control   Freedom Park wetlands   Southwest Florida  

摘要： Understanding the hydrology of a created or restored wetland is a critical component in understanding the overall functioning of its design, and in determining if the original goals of the wetland are being met. Freedom Park, a 20-ha park constructed in Naples, Florida in 2009, includes a 4.6-ha subtropical stormwater wetland treatment system for improving the water quality of the downstream impaired Gordon River and estuaries that flow into the Gulf of Mexico. Subtropical wetlands often present significant issues of sustaining viable wetland vegetation communities because of long wet and then long dry patterns in the wetlands' hydroperiods. The treatment wetland's watershed includes 1766 ha of an urbanized Naples metro area. The goals of the stormwater wetlands are to improve the water quality, reduce peak flows discharging into Gordon River and further to Naples Bay, and provide an aesthetic water park for the public. A monthly hydrologic budget for the period August 1, 2016 to January 31, 2018 showed the following averages: pumped surface water inflow of 50.1 cm week(-1);average surface outflow of 38.8 cm week(-1);precipitation of 3.76 cm week(-1), potential evapotranspiration (PET) of 5.34 cm week(-1);and estimated seepage of 14.8 cm week(-1). During the wet season, water pathways are largely influenced by pumped surface inflow and surface outflow, balanced to not produce significant changes in water level from month to month. Groundwater seepage and evapotranspiration are the most important outflows during the dry season. A stormwater pulsing study during Hurricane Irma (September 10, 2017) showed that after an initial inflow flush due primarily to rainfall, total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations were higher at the outflow than at the inflow for several days during and immediately after the hurricane. Similarly, the mass of nutrients leaving the system was 130% and 37% higher for TN and TP, respectively, than the mass entering the system during this

关键词： GNSS   integrity   urban environment   protection level (pl)  

摘要： Integrity is one criteria to evaluate GNSS performance, which was first introduced in the aviation field. It is a measure of trust which can be placed in the correctness of the information supplied by the total system. In recent years, many GNSS-based applications emerge in the urban environment including liability critical ones, so the concept of integrity attracts more and more attention from urban GNSS users. However, the algorithms developed for the aerospace domain cannot be introduced directly to the GNSS land applications. This is because a high data redundancy exists in the aviation domain and the hypothesis that only one failure occurs at a time is made, which is not the case for the urban users. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the past and current literature discussing the GNSS integrity for urban transport applications so as to point out possible challenges faced by GNSS receivers in such scenario. Key differences between integrity monitoring scheme in aviation domain and urban transport field are addressed. And this paper also points out several open research issues in this field.

关键词： sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS)   green roof   hydrological efficiency   runoff reduction   city scale  

摘要： Green roofs are one specific type of sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS);they aim to manage runoff at the source by storing water in its different layers, delaying the hydrological response, and restoring evapotranspiration. Evidence of their performance in the Mediterranean is still scarce. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the hydrological performance of green roofs at building and city scales under Mediterranean conditions. A green roof and a conventional roof were monitored over one year in Benaguasil (Valencia, Spain). Rainfall and flow data were recorded and analysed. Hydrological models were calibrated and validated at the building scale to analyse the hydrological long-term efficiency of the green roof and compare it against that obtained for the conventional roof. Results show that green roofs can provide good hydrological performances, even in dry climates such as the Mediterranean. In addition, their influence at the city scale is also significant, given the average runoff coefficient reduction obtained.

关键词： Urban flash flood   Integrated flash flood management   Management challenges   Socio-hydrology   Resilience   Sudan  

摘要： The objective of this research is to improve the understanding and recognition of the management challenges to flash flooding hazards and the potential adaptive measures within the arid urban areas through a socio-hydrological framework. Considering the capital of Sudan, Khartoum, as an example of urban arid areas with increasing flash flood risk, the analysis was founded on expert views and opinions collected from a range of different flood management actors following the 2013 and 2014 flash flood events. The qualitative research methods included participant observation, expert interviews and focus groups. The main themes of management challenges recorded included weak institutional capacity, bad governance, limited resources, and poor urban planning. These four themes, in turn, included different types of challenges, among which lack of: civil society engagement and coordination of actors, political will, data and tools, and effective urban development strategy shared the highest number of comments from the professional actors in each theme, respectively. These findings presented a management perspective to the lessons previously established and learned from an impact assessment. Accordingly, the amalgamation of all the lessons learned from the flood research findings enabled a suitable Master Flash Flood Management Plan (MaFFMaP) to be proposed as a final product. This plan would operate within an Integrated Flash Flood Management (IFFM) framework. The facets of the MaFFMaP include steps toward improving the quantity and quality of data resources regarding this hazard, aspects for use of these new datasets within a mixed-measure (structural and non-structural) approach from the authorities, and programmes for building community and civil society capacity through improving awareness and engagement. Furthermore, it is intended that this plan would be a replicable design, which could therefore be adopted and implemented in the wider context of the urban arid regions

关键词： Urbanization under consolidation   Low-impact development   Zoning   Surface runoff   Stormwater management model (SWMM)  

摘要： The increase of urban areas with high population concentration in small spaces in developing countries such as Brazil brings serious social and environmental problems. Based on this reality, simulations of four different urbanization scenarios were carried out: the current scenario, the future scenario made highly impervious by the occupation, the possible scenario with the insertion of LID (low-impact development) structures and zoning measures, and the planned scenario with territorial planning. In this respect, both real rainfall data and design storm data were used to test LID through a calibrated hydrological model. The expansion of urban occupation from the current scenario to the future caused a 16% increase in the volume of output hydrographs of the catchment under analysis. The insertion of LID structures and zoning measures decreased the surface runoff volume by 13.8%, from the future scenario to the possible. For real rainfall data, the hydrographs had their peaks retarded with the insertion of LID structures and occupancy control measurements. The performance of the LID structures was higher with lower total rainfall.

关键词： Micropollutants   Nocardia   Pseudomonas aeruginosa   Aeromonas caviae   Fecal indicator bacteria   Sediments  

摘要： The nature and fate of urban contaminants washed by stormwater events and accumulating in a detention basin (DB) were investigated. Relations between bacterial and chemical contaminants of trapped urban sediments, and field parameters were analyzed. Fecal indicators and some pathogens known to be environmentally transmitted (Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aeromonas caviae) were tracked, and their persistence investigated. Six sampling campaigns were carried out over 3 years, using five sites including a settling chamber (SC). Aerosolized bacteria at these sites were also monitored. Deposits in the basin were made of fine particles and their content in chemical pollutants was found highly variable. High polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents were measured but only three pesticides, over 22, were detected. Deposits were significantly contaminated by fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), P. aeruginosa, A. caviae, and by Nocardia. Only A. caviae showed significant numbers in aerosolized particles recovered over the detention basin. Nocardia spp. cells heavily contaminated the SC. The efficacy of the detention basin at reducing bacterial counts per rain event and over time were estimated. A slight drop in the counts was monitored for fecal indicators but not for the other bacterial groups. Hydrodynamic parameters had a strong impact on the distribution and features of the deposits. Multiple factors impacted the fate of FIB, P. aeruginosa, A. caviae, and Nocardia cells, but in a group dependent manner. Nocardia counts were found positively correlated with volatile organic matter. FIB appeared highly efficient colonizers of the DB.

关键词： Urban system   System of cities   Urban network   Bibliometric analysis   Text mining  

摘要： The study of relations between cities has long been a major focus in urban research. For decades, this field has grown integrating contributions from many disciplines. But today, the field appears rather fragmented. This study analyses the body of literature that has developed over the last 23 years to identify schools of thought on interurban relationships and to see to what extent these interact with each other. It does so by innovatively employing bibliometric analysis to the study of systems of cities, which allows a bottom-up identification of five schools of thought: one predominantly focusing on the regional or intra-metropolitan scale and centred on concepts of polycentricity;one addressing the global scale with a focus on world city networks;one employing simulation and complexity theories to understand behaviour of agents building the urban system bottom-up;one rooted in (new) economic geography and focusing on growth and decline in the urban system;and, one seeking regularities with respect to city size distributions. The conceptual, methodological and empirical aspects of these different schools are discussed by means of a 'semantic map' derived from the vocabulary of titles and abstracts of papers. The coupling of the semantic map with the citation networks of these schools of thought confirms the increasing fragmentation of the field over the last decades. However, in the most recent years, the different schools of thought start to interact slightly more. The desirability and feasibility of a move from multidisciplinarity to interdisciplinarity in urban systems research needs further exploration.

关键词： 中国文学   城市化进程   心灵史   农村题材小说   中国当代文学史   十七年文学   书写   《金光大道》  

摘要： 从十七年文学开始直至新时期文学的漫长时期,农村题材小说一直是中国文学创作的绝对主流。中国当代文学史上的经典之作中,无论是十七年文学中最为重要的若干作品：柳青的《创业史》或者浩然的《金光大道》,还是至今仍然在文学性上被广泛认可的作家赵树理和刘绍棠,农村题材的小说和它们的创作者都是最有分量和最为核心的部分。相较而言,写作以城市生活为核心的作家只有老舍等寥寥可数的几人。

关键词： 城市伦理   文学伦理   同构   “乌托邦”   《理想国》   城市性质   生命体   恶托邦  

摘要： 一 城市，是善恶同体的生命体，它承载着人类的“乌托邦”，也集聚了各种“恶托邦”。柏拉图《理想国》这样界定有城市性质的“城邦”：“我们每个人为了各种需要，招来各种各样的人，由于需要许多东西，我们邀集许多人住在一起，作为伙伴和助手。