关键词： Landscape pattern   Climate change   Hydrological process   WetSpa extension   Beiyun River  

摘要： Landscapes in urbanized regions have experienced considerable changes in recent decades, and had a growing number of negative effects on hydrological processes. However, it is not well understood to what extent the combined and individual landscape and climate factors have altered hydrological processes in such areas. Using Beiyun River in Beijing as a case, we assessed hydrological responses quantitatively based on the Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere model (WetSpa extension). The results indicated that landscape patterns varied greatly from 2000 to 2012, which was exhibited primarily by the encroachment of built-up land on cropland. The landscape indices selected showed that the landscapes are prone to be disaggregated, fragmented, and complicated due to urbanization. In addition, the WetSpa model is available to simulate daily hydrological processes after calibration with model bias, model confidence and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 18%, 0.71 and 0.84, respectively, and validation with correlation coefficient of 0.81. The model output revealed that the combined effects of landscape pattern change and climate variations increased total runoff and daily active groundwater storage. Among different sub-catchments, the Shahe sub-catchment upstream and Fenggangjianhe sub-catchment downstream had higher discharges, with increasing trends from 2000 to 2012. Compared with period 1 (2000-2005) as the reference, the annual average runoff during period 2 (2006-2011) and period 3 (2012-2016) increased 16.5mm and 77.5mm and the daily groundwater storage increased 71.6mm and 47.3mm through the combined effects of landscape and climate change. In period 2, the individual climate change had a positive effect on runoff with the contribution rate of 120.6% while landscape variation had a negative effect with the rate of -20.6%. In period 3, they both had positive effects on runoff with the contribution rates of 93.6% and 6.4%, respectively. This study h

关键词： Urban form   Urban resilience   Urban streets   Centrality and connectivity   Street design   Street orientation  

摘要： Cities need to build on their resilience to deal with the combined effects of urbanization, changing geopolitical contexts, and climate change. The physical form of cities has significant implications for their capacity to deal with adverse events and changing conditions. This paper focuses on streets as major constituent elements of urban form. It offers a review of the theoretical discussions and empirical evidence on how design and configuration of urban streets and street networks can contribute to/detract from urban resilience. For the purpose of this study, measures related to urban streets are divided into two broad categories: network topology and design and orientation. Network topology is used to represent urban street network as a combination of nodes and links. Relationships between urban resilience and different centrality and connectivity measures related to network topology are discussed. The design and orientation category explores the possible effects of street width, street edges, street canyon geometry, and street layout and orientation on resilience of cities. It is discussed that all topology and design measures have implications for urban resilience. Appropriate physical form of urban streets can contribute to urban resilience by, among other things, ameliorating urban microclimate, reducing energy consumption and its associated Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, enhancing social capital, improving community health and well-being, and facilitating rapid and effective emergency response in the aftermath of disasters. Overall, results provide insights about physical properties that are required to design resilient streets and street networks.

关键词： Resilience thinking   Urban resilience   Urban planning   Urban system  

摘要： Environmental and urban problems are rooted in both ecology and urbanism contexts. The main issue in this regard is to plan, design and manage urban settlements where human beings would be able to have the desirable quality of life according to sustainable principles. The increase in social, economic and spatial vulnerabilities in cities, and the excess of degradation factors of natural environment resources show the necessity of considering resilience thinking. This paper aims to apply resilience thinking to urban studies and to identify the required basis for further research on urban resilience through a descriptive analytical review of the theoretical literature. A recent research on urban resilience in urbanization, which is a novel topic in urban resilience studies is addressed in this article. This paper aimed at introducing indices of urban resilience through a particular approach to the relationship between urban form and urban resilience. Given the literature review of urban resilience, our results show that while most research topics rely on environmental dimensions and reduction in natural hazards, such as global warming and climate change, the need for further research on spatial morphology and urban spatial structures is evident. Furthermore, additional research is needed to explore the criteria of urban resilience measurement specifically in the locational-spatial aspect.

摘要： 值此第七届世界军人运动会在武汉召开之际,涂文学先生著《武汉城市简史》适时出版,这是作者近年来继《武汉沦陷史》后在武汉城市史研究领域的又一力作。自20世纪80年代以来,一门新兴学科———城市史学在国内兴起,呈现突飞猛进的发展态势,并取得了相当显著的成绩,单体城市研究不断深入、普遍,研究范围向区域城市乃至中国城市整体不断拓展,城市史理论研究也不断深化……就武汉城市史研究而言,全国哲学社会科学"七五"规划曾将上海、天津、重庆、武汉等四个城市的近代化研究列为重点课题。

关键词： 《被驱逐者:美国城市的贫穷与利益》   文化缺省   关联翻译法   非虚构文学   翻译补偿  

摘要： 本翻译报告基于笔者在扬州大学研究生就读期间所做的翻译实践经验,通过翻译非虚构文学作品《被驱逐者:美国城市的贫穷与利益》的节选,分析其存在的文化缺省现象,并仔细研究其中为有效提取原文所蕴含的文化信息而采取的各种补偿方法和策略。作为当代文学中一个非常重要的文学体裁,非虚构文学作品越来越受翻译研究者的关注。一方面是因其通常反映的是当前的社会生活以及社会问题,而《被驱逐者:美国城市的贫穷与利益》则是这类作品的典型代表。又由于中美文化的各种差异,许多英语单词都无法在中文中找到直接的对应词,因此,本翻译报告就以美国文化负载词、习语、俚语等作为载体来分析这种文化缺省现象。在翻译这类文学作品时,译者尽力让译文既忠实于原文,又不违背目标语言规范下目标读者的期望。这对于译者而言可谓是个挑战,也因此成为了本翻译报告的重点。在分析文化缺省现象以及翻译补偿策略的有效性时,本翻译报告选用翻译理论家彼得·纽马克的关联翻译法理论作为本次翻译实践报告的主要理论指导。以关联翻译法为准则,笔者在这里运用了增译法、归化法、意译法以及直译加注法有效地处理了本次翻译过程中遇到的难点,并得出结论,如若在翻译非虚构文学作品时遇到文化缺省现象,应根据不同的文化信息传输目标,采用这些不同的翻译补偿策略。

关键词： 世界文学之都   创意城市网络   地方性  

摘要： 联合国教科文组织创意城市网络蓬勃发展,中国却尚未有城市获得"文学之都"称号,这与中国众多城市文学资源丰富的现状不相匹配。本文通过对现有世界文学之都进行分析,总结其核心要素发现:文学之都当选城市具备国际知名度的文学家和作品,独树一帜的地域性文学流派,富有全球影响力的文学节庆活动以及彰显文脉和全民阅读的城市氛围。基于此,笔者提出中国城市要申请"文学之都",需由内至外基于文本挖掘进行地方营销,由点及面打造文学景观,由静及动进行文化科技融合开发,自下而上营造文学教育氛围。

关键词： 金宇澄   《繁花》   文学地理学   上海  

摘要： 金宇澄是中国当代文坛上一位不可忽视的作家,上海独有的自然地理环境和人文地理环境给其文学创作带来了巨大的影响,三十多年的文学编辑生涯让他积累了许多文学经验和生活素材,在这双重影响下,成就了他的长篇小说《繁花》。《繁花》是描写上海都市书写小说中的又一力作,金宇澄从传统文化中汲取了力量,用一个说书人的姿态,以改良过的沪语方言思维在《繁花》中描述了一幅上海世俗生活的风景画。金宇澄在《繁花》的创作过程中,明显可以看到地理基因对他方方面面的影响,小说中详细呈现的上海文学景观和上海人文风俗正是体现了地理环境对于他创作的影响和熏陶。小说中所构建的文学地理空间也十分重要,金宇澄在创作中大量使用现实客观存在的地名和建筑,并且详尽地展现了各类街道名称,这种真实感使得读者在阅读时能够重现旧日的记忆从而与作者产生共鸣。而他对于上海独有的居民建筑弄堂详尽地描写也突显出了上海建筑的风情。生活在这片地域空间下的小说人物群像的刻画更是《繁花》中的亮点,不同阶级、不同背景、不同职业下纷繁的人物群像,呈现出上海“小市民”精神所追求的岁月安稳和现世静好,当然不可否认的是在特定时代背景下市民精神也会产生变化。在对人物群像的刻画中,小说的人物命运以及人生意义也值得去思考。《繁花》中也塑造了许多地理意象,这些地理景观存在于特定的地理空间之中,并且被金宇澄赋予了主观情感世界的认知,使其具有了深厚的文化意蕴。金宇澄本人具有强烈的生命意识和人文关怀,以一种他独有的创作方式,更为全面的、广泛的展示了特定时期上海市民的精神面貌,他的作品《繁花》也具有深刻的思想内涵。

摘要： 随着中国社会城市的发展,文学越来越热衷于书写城市体验,力图在全球化的文学语境下追求与世界发展的大环境接轨.城市是广阔的,城市每个角落的生活体验都可以成为文学的素材,作家可以从政治、经济和文化各方面逐渐渗透到文学的想象中,使文学与城市之间建立了一种困于现实又超越现实的复杂联系.城市书写,有对城市发展进行全盘否定来表达乡土情怀,也有对现代文明进行强烈批判来追忆传统,亦有对都市生活热衷喜爱来赶上潮流,但这些都是建立在城市中经历、理解和想象的基础之上,才能挖掘出城市中各色人物内心的变化,展现出现代社会下的自我实现.李云雷的《坏孩子的天使》写出了乡村中的孩子进入城市的自卑和渺小,房伟的《小陶然》道出了中老年人在孤独生活中的焦虑不安和对幸福生活内心真实的渴望向往,简艾的《六年级的时间维度》构建了中国传统式教育、全球现代化和后现代化元素杂糅、高科技和信息时代影响下复杂多元的儿童成长环境,木十的《我们最后的果实》以美好温暖的想象和爱情化解了都市青年在生活压力下患病治疗的痛苦经历,苏二花的《雁门会》以个人的爱恨情仇和遭遇命运传达出传统文化命运的挣扎与城市化带来的新型社会关系的复杂联系,乔叶的《头条故事》讲述了新媒体发展的社会中大龄编辑在转型中的人生故事及复杂心态.

关键词： 海派文学   女性形象   摩登化   市民化  

摘要： 海派文学随着时代的变迁不断发展,以它独特的魅力在中国现当代文学中起着不可或缺的作用。每部海派文学作品中都有一个女主角,而作者通过对女主角的塑造,也表达不同了主题,这些不同时期的作品主题也让我们看到了海派文学的一以贯之的特色和不同点,而海派文学的存在给海派文化不断地注入生机。

关键词： 乡村   都市   战时国都   重庆   城市想象  

摘要： 城市与乡村是两个世界,二者的区别是系统性的。不过,战时国都是个例外。全面抗战爆发后,重庆的战时国都身份来得仓促,城与人都没准备好。下江人的不断聚集和疏散,以及城市区域的不断扩大和乡镇化,使得重庆成了一座散落的、流动的城市,包含了城市重庆和乡村重庆两种样态,形成了"乡村里的都市"的文化奇观。在城市重庆和乡村重庆之间,存在着一种特殊的互动形式,城市文明与乡村文明相互嵌入,下江人频繁穿越于城市生活与乡村生活之间。城市重庆和乡村重庆的越界,造就了乡村里的都市社会,造成了城市知识分子的乡村化,城乡往返的体验影响了重庆叙事的空间构成和观念表达。对于不具有"进入都市的权利"的重庆乡民而言,他们在自己的家乡遭遇了下江人携带的现代文明,突然而至又迅速离场的现代生活使他们经受了身份的迷失和心理的失衡。