关键词： CITIES & towns   NONFICTION  

关键词： indoor environments   heat stress   climate change   urban heat island   preventive actions  

摘要： Climate change increases the risks of heat stress, especially in urban areas where urban heat islands can develop. This literature review aims to describe how severe heat can occur and be identified in urban indoor environments, and what actions can be taken on the local scale. There is a connection between the outdoor and the indoor climate in buildings without air conditioning, but the pathways leading to the development of severe heat levels indoors are complex. These depend, for example, on the type of building, window placement, the residential area's thermal outdoor conditions, and the residents' influence and behavior. This review shows that only few studies have focused on the thermal environment indoors during heat waves, despite the fact that people commonly spend most of their time indoors and are likely to experience increased heat stress indoors in the future. Among reviewed studies, it was found that the indoor temperature can reach levels 50% higher in degrees C than the outdoor temperature, which highlights the importance of assessment and remediation of heat indoors. Further, most Heat-Health Warning Systems (HHWS) are based on the outdoor climate only, which can lead to a misleading interpretation of the health effects and associated solutions. In order to identify severe heat, six factors need to be taken into account, including air temperature, heat radiation, humidity, and air movement as well as the physical activity and the clothes worn by the individual. Heat stress can be identified using a heat index that includes these six factors. This paper presents some examples of practical and easy to use heat indices that are relevant for indoor environments as well as models that can be applied in indoor environments at the city level. However, existing indexes are developed for healthy workers and do not account for vulnerable groups, different uses, and daily variations. As a result, this paper highlights the need for the development of a heat ind

关键词： systematic literature review   personal mobility   sustainability   planning   rapid transition   urban  

摘要： Sustainability related challenges in mobility planning have been recognised at the international level, and the urgency for change has been widely discussed among scholars. However, there seems to be no general agreement on the best ways to pursue such change. To seek answers to the question of how to pursue change, this study analysed the development of the broad research fields of mobility, urban planning and transitions, and the overlap of these bodies of literature. Both academic and non-academic literatures were covered. By means of a systematic literature review, as well as bibliometric studies, several prominent research themes that address change from planning and transition perspectives were identified. Moreover, these themes describe different viewpoints and challenges in mobility planning. These include planning and policy for sustainable mobility and accessibility, backcasting and scenario planning, indicators in planning, modes of transport, decision-making, studies of global North and global South, as well as overarching themes of equity, equality and justice, roles of institutions, and co-production of knowledge. Strategies for staying up to date with these fields were also identified. In the literature covered, the temporal dimension in mobility planning was described in four different ways, but little was found about how accelerated transitions towards sustainable mobility can be achieved. Further knowledge gaps were identified in relation to behavioural change, policy development, institutionalisation of planning capacity, and social sustainability in mobility planning. This created an outline for possible future studies.

关键词： city logistics   urban logistics   bibliometric analysis   systematic literature review   literature classification  

摘要： City logistics is one of the significant branches of supply chain management, dealing with the logistics and transportation activities in urban areas. This research area has recently appropriated an exponential growth of publications. This paper presents a bibliometric analysis along with a systematic literature review to organise the results of surveying more than 370 papers and research works published since 2010. We identify the top contributing research topics. The most common keywords used in the city logistics literature are referred to in order to propose six research categories identifying the main innovative research perspectives.

关键词： 世界文学   城市文学   工作坊   南京   上海   作家   观看   80年代  

摘要： 何平(学者):上海—南京双城文学工作坊,其实不局限于文学,也非狭隘同人性质的沙龙,而是一个聚合上海和南京年轻的批评家力量研究中国乃至世界文学的开放性空间。为什么是上海和南京两个城市的双城?上海和南京这两个城市在中国审美版图是传统的江南地区;再一个就是1980年代以来这两个城市文学的彼此创造和生发,无论是80年代的先锋文学,还是90年代的新生代,这两个城市的文学客观上存在着“一体”的现实。新世纪以来,同样,这两个城市聚集了中国当下汉语写作最活跃的一批作家和批评家。因此,我们的工作坊期待通过我们的工作延续上海和南京“文学双城”的传统。我们的工作坊还强调当代文学现场感和敏锐、前沿的问题意识。我想了三个词,强调我们工作坊大致的面向:青年性、跨越边境和拓殖可能性。

关键词： 城市形象   文学创作   文化身份认同   陈忠实   农村小说   农村题材   文学叙述   城市人  

摘要： 陈忠实的文学创作都是农村题材,乡村是其文学叙述展开的重要空间,城市仅仅是作为陪衬零星地穿插其中,在他的笔下,乡村是鲜活、生动与广阔的,城市则是微小、模糊与遥远的。《到老白杨树背后去》一文中,陈忠实写到:“你也写点儿城市人的小说嘛!农村小说……谁看!我反正一看见猪呀牛呀穿大襟的女人呀就烦了……”

关键词： Smart city   Sustainable city   Sustainable urban development   Urban informatics   Post-anthropocentric city   Progressive urbanism  

摘要： Smart cities are widely seen as localities that actively embrace new technologies to achieve desired urban outcomes. Despite sustainability often claimed to be a desired outcome of smart city initiatives, little evidence exists how sustainability outcomes are incorporated or achieved within the smart city initiatives. This paper aims to address the question of whether cities can become smart without actually being sustainable. The study undertakes a systematic review of the smart and sustainable cities literature. The analysis highlights an expectation in the reviewed academic literature for cities to become sustainable first in order to be considered truly smart. The results point to major challenges of smart cities in delivering sustainable outcomes: (a) Smart city policies are characterised by heavy technocentricity;(b) Smart city practices involve complexities, and;(c) Smart city notions are conceptualised in an ad-hoc manner. The findings provide evidence that the current smart city practice fails to incorporate an overarching sustainability goal that is progressive and genuine. This, then, highlights the need for a post-anthropocentric approach in practice and policymaking for the development of truly smart and sustainable cities. The findings seek to stimulate prospective research and further critical debates on this topic.

关键词： climate variability and change   land use and land cover change   urbanization   HSPF   water quality and quantity   hydrological simulation   water quality simulation  

摘要： The potential impacts driven by climate variability and urbanization in the Boise River Watershed (BRW), located in southwestern Idaho, are evaluated. The outcomes from Global Circulation Models (GCMs) and land use and land cover (LULC) analysis have been incorporated into a hydrological and environmental modeling framework to characterize how climate variability and urbanization can affect the local hydrology and environment at the BRW. The combined impacts of future climate and LULC change are also evaluated relative to the historical baseline conditions. For modeling exercises, Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) is used in parallel computing and statistical techniques, including spatial downscaling and bias correlation, are employed to evaluate climate consequences derived from GCMs as well. The implications of climate variability and land use change driven by urbanization are then observed to evaluate how these overall global challenges can affect water quantity and quality conditions at the BRW. The results show the combined impacts of both climate change and urbanization can lead to more seasonal variability of streamflow (from -27.5% to 12.5%) and water quality, including sediment (from -36.5% to 49.3%), nitrogen (from -24% to 124.2%), and phosphorus (from -13.3% to 21.2%) during summer and early fall over the next several decades.

关键词： mean transit times   model optimization   rural watersheds   urban watersheds  

摘要： Watershed mean transit times (MTTs) are used to characterize the hydrology of watersheds. Watershed MTTs could have important implications for water quality, as relatively long MTTs imply lengthier water retention, thereby allowing more time for pollutant transformation and more moderate release of pollutants into streams. Although estimates of MTTs are common for undisturbed watersheds, only a few studies to date have applied MTT models to urbanized watersheds. In the present study, we use delta O-18 to compare estimates of MTTs for paired suburban-industrial and agricultural watersheds in Toronto, Canada. Although differences in precipitation delta O-18 between the two watersheds were negligible, there were significant differences in stream delta O-18, suggesting differences in water transport pathways. Less damping between input precipitation delta O-18 and output stream delta O-18 in the suburban-industrial watershed indicated a larger streamflow contribution from quick-flow transport pathways. We applied three transit time models to quantify MTTs. Considering overall model fit, root mean square error, and uncertainty in model parameters, the exponential model performed the best of the three models. Optimized MTTs using this distribution across the suburban-industrial subwatersheds ranged from 2.1 to 2.9 months, whereas those in the agricultural subwatersheds ranged from 2.7 to 7.5 months. The relatively small difference between urban and agricultural MTTs coincides with observations elsewhere. Model efficiencies could potentially be improved, and MTTs estimated more reliably, with a higher sampling frequency that captures a greater volume of overall discharge. Overall, this work provides a distinct first glimpse into the separation of MTTs between paired watersheds with such a large contrast in their land use.