关键词： 都市文学   原始野性   救赎   陀思妥耶夫斯基  

摘要： 中国现当代文学中的都市书写没有充分展现出现代都市的诸多特性。法国批评家巴什拉对洛特雷阿蒙的作品的读解,凸显了其富于攻击性的原始野性。陀思妥耶夫斯基在一系列作品中深入探索了盘踞在人物内心深处的原始野性,它们以超人哲学、虚无主义等形式表现;同时,他还探索了精神救赎的可能性。如何寻找精神救赎之路,成了当代都市人面临的一大挑战。

关键词： 文学旅行   文学遗产   城市空间   国家形象  

摘要： 文学受其赖以存在的地方的影响,同时也赋予与其相关的地方以丰富的象征意义。神话与传说、史诗与圣著直至现代文学一直影响着旅行实践。在意识形态、历史观以及现代大众旅游业等因素的多重作用下,围绕文学遗产建构的文学风景,作为城镇物理空间规划和旅游结构中的有机组成,是沟通文学与现实、过去与现在、本土与世界的媒介与桥梁。在当代的国际旅游中,文学风景影响了游客对于一个地方乃至国家的印象与评价,甚至成为游记中塑造国家形象的重要元素。

关键词： 儿童视角   《大街》   《蒙多的故事》   城市景观  

摘要： 在二战后的法国文学中,有不少描写战后法国城市景观的儿童题材作品,其中罗伯特·萨巴蒂埃的《大街》和勒·克莱齐奥的《蒙多的故事》尤其具有代表性。透过儿童的视角,两部作品从不同角度展现了战后法国城市的发展和变迁。通过对市政建设的关注,对城市居民尤其是儿童的生活状况、精神面貌及人际关系的描绘,两位作家探讨了战争创伤、信仰危机、儿童教育、社会融入等重大主题,而作品中的儿童视角在表现这些主题时展示出了独特的艺术魅力。

关键词： Impervious surfaces   Urban hydrological environment   Google earth engine   Multi-scale   Watersheds  

摘要： Urban impervious surface coverage is an important parameter to understand effects of hydro-environment on the process of urbanization. Impervious surfaces have altered urban hydrological process, spatial and temporal distribution of water resources and water environment quality and led to increasing frequency and intensity of urban waterlogging. In view of the impact of the increase of impervious surface on urban hydrological environment, there are two problems in current research and application: (1) urban hydrological modeling and impermeability ratio are computed according to multi-level administrative units rather than watersheds;(2) the entire urban hydrological environment is an organic whole, but the urban watersheds system within a city have not been monitored dynamically by considering adjacent watersheds. In view of these two problems, the main innovative points in this research work include (1) first, urban multi-scale watersheds are defined, and impermeability ratios are calculated at multi-scale watersheds level for urban hydrological modeling. (2) Based on urban DEM analysis, considering the interconnection of multiple urban water systems by calculating the dynamic impermeability ratios, the dynamic impact of urban rainfall and runoff changes on the whole urban hydrological environment is monitored. The results show overall impervious surface ratio of each watershed is proportional to the runoff. The ratio of the impervious surface reaches 20%, and the discharge is more than twice that when impervious ratio is 4%. It can be concluded that at watershed level a higher the degree of urbanization can lead to a larger change in the total run off, and the earlier shift of the peak flow.

关键词： Structure   Function   Invasive species   Contaminants   Built infrastructure   Nutrients  

摘要： Natural systems are threatened by a variety of anthropogenic stressors and so understanding the interactive threats posed by multiple stressors is essential. In this study we focused on urban stressors that are ubiquitous to urban estuarine systems worldwide: elevated nutrients, toxic chemical contaminants, built infrastructure and non-indigenous species (NIS). We investigated structural (abundance, diversity and species richness) and functional endpoints (productivity, primary production (chlorophyll-a) and metabolism) commonly used to determine responses to these selected stressors. Through a systematic review of global literature, we found 579 studies of our selected stressors;93% measured responses to a single stressor, with few assessing the effects of multiple stressors (7%). Structural endpoints were commonly used to measure the effects of stressors (49% of the total 579 studies). Whereas, functional endpoints were rarely assessed alone (10%) but rather in combination with structural endpoints (41%). Elevated nutrients followed by NIS were the most studied single stressors (43% and 16% of the 541 single stressor studies), while elevated nutrients and toxic contaminants were overwhelmingly the most common stressor combination (79% of the 33 multiple stressor studies);with NIS and built infrastructure representing major gaps in multi-stressor research. In the meta-analysis, structural endpoints tended to decrease, while functional endpoints increased and/or decreased in response to different types of organisms or groups. We predicted an antagonistic effect of elevated nutrients and toxic contaminants based on the opposing enriching versus toxic effects of this stressor combination. Of note, biodiversity was the only endpoint that revealed such an antagonistic response. Our results highlight the continuing paucity of multiple stressor studies and provide evidence for opposing patterns in the responses to single and interacting stressors depending on the measured

关键词： Water isotopes   Urban boundary layer   Hydrometeorology   Combustion   Air pollution   Cold air pools  

摘要： Water from fossil fuel combustion can represent > 10% of urban specific humidity, but this fraction is difficult to constrain from meteorological measurements alone. Stable water vapor isotopes can be used to estimate the fraction of combustion-derived vapor (CDV) and characterize the contrast between anthropogenically-altered and natural systems due to CDV's distinctive isotope composition. However, accurate estimates of the CDV fraction of urban humidity requires information on vapor isotope ratios in the absence of anthropogenic emissions. We present data from an urban site in Salt Lake City, UT and from a high-elevation site in the adjacent Wasatch Mountains. Urban vapor d-excess values (d-excess = delta H-2-8 delta O-18) closely track CO2 concentrations on diurnal to weekly timescales, but high-elevation vapor values do not. Instead, the high-elevation site captures large-scale atmospheric variability, with d-excess changes largely following changes in delta O-18 and humidity. Isotope ratios at the two sites remain distinct throughout most of the winter, indicating that these sites are regularly decoupled from each other and that high-elevation winter measurements may rarely be representative of valley conditions in the absence of urban emissions. Furthermore, high-elevation d-excess may be higher than emissions-free values at the same elevation as the urban area, as vapor d-excess changes non-linearly during condensation at low specific humidity, and would result in an overestimate of urban humidity amounts. Therefore, the high-elevation site may not help place additional constraints on the amount of CDV in urban systems, yet the paired sites show changes in vapor isotope ratios, particularly in d-excess, that capture differences in urban and natural impacts on water vapor cycling.

关键词： 后现代   城市印记   日本  

摘要： 日本后现代文学在日本文学史上极具时代影响力,文学作品中或多或少或详或筒的展现了中国元素,而作品中中国城市的出现既揭示了作品的创作背景、创作目的又表达了作者的创作情感。本文以水上勉的作品为例,探讨日本后现代文学之中国城市印记,进而解读日本后现代文学的中国元素的重要性。

关键词： spatial and temporal metrics   remote sensing   upscaling   hydrological response   water balance   city   urban  

摘要： We propose a remote-sensing based metric approach to evaluate the hydrological response of highly urbanized areas and apply it to the city of Brussels. The model is set-up using 2 m resolution hyperspectral data. Next, it is upscaled to the city level, using multi-spectral Sentinel-2 data with 20 m resolution. We identify the total impervious area, the vegetation cover and the leaf area index as important metrics to derive a timeseries of spatially distributed net rainfall, runoff and infiltration from rainfall data. For the estimation of the actual evapotranspiration we use the potential evapotranspiration and the available water storage based on the interception, the depression storage and the infiltration. Additionally, we route the runoff to the outlet of selected sub-catchments. An important metric for the routing is the timing to the outlet which is approximated using the total impervious area and the hydrological distance to the outlet. We compare our approach to WetSpa model simulations and reach R-2 values of 98% for net rainfall, 95% for surface runoff, 99% for infiltration and 97% for cumulative evapotranspiration. The routing in the Watermaelbeek catchment is evaluated with discharge observations and reaches NSE values of 0.89 at a 2 m resolution and 0.88 at a 20 m resolution using an hourly timestep. At the timestep of 10 min and a 20 m resolution the NSE is reduced to 0.76. For the Roodebeek catchment we reach an NSE of 0.73 at a spatial resolution of 20 m and an hourly timestep. The results presented in this paper are optimistic for using spatial and temporal metrics retrieved from remote sensing data to quantify the water balance of urban catchments.

关键词： 五四源流   城市书写   现代消费文化环境   都市文化   新文明  

摘要： 五四新文学作家奠定了关于现代市镇和乡土文学现实主义书写的基本叙述模式。虽然乡土文学现实主义书写一直是更占主流地位的文学样式,但是,无论现代时期还是在当代,城市书写、城市文学一直都没有消失、甚至是越来越重要的题材选择和文学样式。五四作家没有完成的文学表现现代化的都市生活的任务,经由茅盾、巴金、老舍和诸位海派作家来续写和完成。'十七年'文学的城市叙述,承继着百年来城市现代性形象的谱系,也表现出极其强烈的现代性诉求,只是表达主要限定在'公共性'和工业化方面。20世纪80年代中国文学的现代主义维度得以复苏,80年代中叶开始的先锋派文学、其后的新写实小说等,都可以见到城市书写的质素。近年来,海内外关于'文学城市'或文学'城市想象'研究,也一度成为热点,甚至已经总结出上海、深圳、广州等为书写对象的'新城市文学'的症候。新世纪海外华文作家以写作来完成他们的中国想象,无论是历史中国想象,还是现实中国想象,都可以见出其在城市文学书写方面所抵达的层面、所呈示和开启的维度。

关键词： 文学城市图景   斯芬克斯之城   监狱之城   废墟之城   身份焦虑  

摘要： 在工业化步伐加快和“自东向西”的城市化进程中,美国自然主义作家将眼光聚焦现代城市,将自己对城市的感悟揉入创作中,运用自然主义手法塑造人物和创设情节,构筑文学城市空间和打造城市意象。依其生存理念和行为印迹,《麦克梯格》《深渊》及《斯塔兹·朗尼根三部曲》《金臂人》的主人公被分别塑造成朝圣者、游荡者和瘾君子。粮食交易所、商场、剧院、大街、弹子房、酒吧、赌坊、妓院等城市空间得以浓墨重彩地展示,呈现在读者视觉上的是斯芬克斯之城、监狱之城和废墟之城等意象。小说家对城市空间的选取和城市意象的勾勒折射出现代美国社会核心价值中存在的深层问题,反映出那一时期美国知识阶层对镀金时代、大萧条和二战后现代城市人的价值取向和身份认同的思考及其对现代城市发展轨迹的焦虑。