关键词： 达尔米亚   印地语文学   文学与历史   语境  

摘要： 瓦苏塔·达尔米亚的《虚构亦历史:现代北印度的长篇小说与城市》结合19世纪后半叶至20世纪60年代近百年间北印度城市生活的发展,深入分析了达斯的《宝贵的教训》、普列姆昌德的《服务院》和《圣洁的土地》、耶谢巴尔的《虚假的事实》、阿格叶耶的《江心洲》、巴拉蒂的《罪孽之神》、亚达夫的《整片天空》以及拉盖什的《幽闭的黑屋》八部经典印地语长篇小说。该书不仅通过小说研究赋予了历史研究更加丰富多样的文化语境,还结合具体历史语境重新梳理了现代印地语文学的发展脉络,对印地语文学的现代性和现代主义的含义提出了新的见解。从研究路径和研究对象来看,本书对如何深化印度研究和文学研究均有所启发。

关键词： 新世纪城市文学   特征与缺失   承传与对话  

摘要： 中国新文学的城市书写有自己的传统,新世纪以来的城市文学,无意之中"回应"着这种传统,并提醒人们联想起文学史的"先例"。不论是对城市的"欲望化"书写,还是"情感"书写,抑或是"他者"的城市经验书写,都是如此。但新世纪城市文学也呈现出与传统不同的特征以及明显的缺失,表现在:宏大叙事日渐式微而日常生活叙事成为主流;地域文化特色鲜明的城市描写被雷同化、类型化的城市叙事所取代:典型人物的塑造被社会问题的呈现所代替;纪实性凸显而想象性不足。

关键词： urban soils   hydropedology   MNLR   machine learning   Johannesburg   remote sensing  

摘要： Urbanization and hydrology have an interactive relationship, as urbanization changing the hydrology of a system and the hydrology commonly causing structural damage to the infrastructure. Hydrological modelling has been used to quantify the water causing structural impacts, and to provide solutions to the issues. However, in already-urbanized areas, creating a soil map to use as input in the modelling process is difficult, as observation positions are limited and visuals of the natural vegetation which indicate soil distribution are unnatural. This project used historical satellite images in combination with terrain parameters and digital soil mapping methods to produce an accurate (Kappa statistic = 0.81) hydropedology soil map for the Cosmo City suburb in Johannesburg, South Africa. The map was used as input into the HYDRUS 2D and SWAT hydrological models to quantify the water creating road damage at Kampala Crescent, a road within Cosmo City (using HYDRUS 2D), as well as the impact of urbanization on the hydrology of the area (using SWAT). HYDRUS 2D modelling showed that a subsurface drain installed at Kampala Crescent would need a carrying capacity of 0.3 m(3)h(-1)m(-1) to alleviate the road damage, while SWAT modelling shows that surface runoff in Cosmo City will commence with as little rainfall as 2 mmmonth(-1). This project showcases the value of multidisciplinary work. The remote sensing was invaluable to the mapping, which informed the hydrological modelling and subsequently provided answers to the engineers, who could then mitigate the hydrology-related issues within Cosmo City.

关键词： climate change   integrated hydrological model   semi-arid   impacts  

摘要： This study evaluates the impact of climate change on water resources in a large, semi-arid urban watershed located in the Niamey Republic of Niger, West Africa. The watershed was modeled using the fully integrated surface subsurface HydroGeoSphere model at a high spatial resolution. Historical (1980-2005) and projected (2020-2050) climate scenarios, derived from the outputs of three regional climate models (RCMs) under the regional climate projection (RCP) 4.5 scenario, were statistically downscaled using the multiscale quantile mapping bias correction method. Results show that the bias correction method is optimum at daily and monthly scales, and increased RCM resolution does not improve the performance of the model. The three RCMs predicted increases of up to 1.6% in annual rainfall and of 1.58 degrees C for mean annual temperatures between the historical and projected periods. The durations of the minimum environmental flow (MEF) conditions, required to supply drinking and agricultural water, were found to be sensitive to changes in runoff resulting from climate change. MEF occurrences and durations are likely to be greater from 2020-2030, and then they will be reduced for the 2030-2050 statistical periods. All three RCMs consistently project a rise in groundwater table of more than 10 m in topographically high zones, where the groundwater table is deep, and an increase of 2 m in the shallow groundwater table.

关键词： Groundwater -surface water interactions   Calibration   Integrated hydrological model   Semi arid  

摘要： This study investigates groundwater-surface water interactions using an equivalent porous medium approach in a data scarce and semi-arid hydrogeological watershed located south-west Niger. A large scale fully-integrated hydrologic model was built and calibrated using HydroGeoSphere with a sequential approach of increasing levels of temporal resolution: 1) steady state average conditions;2) dynamic equilibrium with repeating monthly normal forcing data;and 3) fully transient conditions. This approach provided a useful and straightforward method for reducing the calibration effort of the large-scale fully-integrated hydrologic model. River-aquifer exchange flux dynamics, water balance components for different land use classes, as well as basin average groundwater recharge were computed from the model. Simulation results show that exchange flux between groundwater and surface water are Important processes in the basin, with the Niger River acting primarily as a gaining stream, with local losing zones. Ephemeral streams constitute important focused groundwater recharge areas, while ponds exhibit either groundwater discharge behavior, or a recharge zone profile depending on local topography. The basin average water balance highlights the importance of plant transpiration (58% of total rainfall) over surface evaporation (8%), with groundwater recharge of up to 5% of total rainfall. Overland flow and infiltration account for 11% and 16% of the total annual rainfall respectively, and groundwater discharge to the river is 2% of the total rainfall.

关键词： planning practice   urban growth boundary   growth management   China  

摘要： Facing the need to control urban sprawl, many Chinese cities are exploring the use of development-limiting boundaries, such as urban growth boundary (UGB) and urban development boundary (UDB), as required by the central government. Through a key word search of several databases including Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, we identified and reviewed hundreds of articles published in academic or professional journals. Our review shows that policy processes discussed in the literature have emphasized the technical aspect with analytical sophistication. We identified three types of approach to UGB and UDB in the literature: the growth-driven, the constraint-oriented, and the hybrid. While urban theories and modeling techniques that originated from Western countries have greatly influenced the analytical process underlying some of these approaches, the UGB/UDB policy debate and explorations were also responsive to China's unique urban and policy conditions. Despite the rich empirical content in the literature, very little research has been grounded in a scientific understanding of China's urban development. Issues such as intergovernmental coordination, policy enforcement, and evaluation were also inadequately addressed in the existing literature. The literature's newness may have been a major factor for these limitations. Our critique of the current literature may inspire new areas of research to generate knowledge that can inform China's continuous policy efforts to combat urban sprawl.

关键词： Urban poverty   Academic achievement   Equity and access   Aspirations   School segregation  

摘要： This systematic literature review seeks to provide information on the limitations and opportunities faced by the urban poor in leveraging the potential benefits of education. The review covers the period 1995-2017 and includes 66 articles. The analysis addresses: a) the educational achievement of the urban poor and b) the conditions under which they receive education. Results show that, despite attending school, the urban poor are not able to fully satisfy their right to education. Their educational achievement is deficient in terms of learning, educational trajectory and the capacity to aspire to a better future and although they are included in schooling, material deprivation combined with socio-territorial characteristics and cultural and administrative obstacles means that this inclusion occurs in a stratified manner. The findings urge a reexamination of the discussion around the challenge of education in facilitating social mobility. Breaking the cycle between urban poverty and education requires multisectoral public policies with an equity perspective and the coordinated participation of various social actors.

摘要： "The urban condition: literary trajectories through the Canadian Postmetropolis."European Journal of English Studies, 24(1), pp. 101–102

关键词： Urban spatial structure   ICTs   smart cities   urban form   systematic literature review  

摘要： This study attempts to shed light on the effects of ICTs on urban spatial structure through a systematic literature review by exploring the relationship between ICTs and the factors that shape this structure. Four scientific databases covering a period from 2000 to 2018 were searched for related literature using a vast variety of keywords. As a result, 130 articles were selected for this literature review. After studying these articles, their main findings were extracted and their major results were categorized based on a conceptual model. This model addresses the relationship between ICTs and four aspects of urban spatial structure: (a) spatial and physical aspects, (b) human aspects, (c) mobility and flows, and (d) activities (i.e., work, shopping, leisure). Generally, it can be concluded that ICTs have significant effects on the elements that shape urban spatial structure, and they can play a significant role in transforming this structure in the future.

关键词： Urban flooding   Hydrology and hydrodynamics   Rainfall patterns   Flood response  

摘要： Urban flooding poses an increasing threat to citizens and property and has become a global challenge. The primary cause of urban flooding is rapid urbanization, which is outpacing infrastructure development and drainage system improvements. This paper utilizes a verified flood model that couples hydrological and hydrodynamic processes to investigate the flood response under rainfall events with different patterns. A sponge city pilot area in China is taken as a case study. Drainage system performance, surface inundation patterns, and relation between them are investigated by carrying out statistical analysis and Pearson correlation analysis, respectively. Results show that with increases in the rainfall recurrence interval (RRI) and peak position ratio (PPR), drainage system performance indicators (DSPIs) generally become worse, and the total inundation area (TIA) and surface inundation areas of larger depths become larger. The response time exhibits varied patterns but generally decreases with increasing recurrence intervals and peak ratios. For surface inundation, the recurrence interval presents an increasingly significant role compared with the peak ratio as rainfall becomes heavier. Compared with other DSPIs, the volume of overflowed manholes (VOMs) shows a delayed response to rainfall and has a stronger relationship with the inundation areas with greater water depths, which indicates a possible solution of utilizing manhole storage for water management and flood control. Analyzing the response of drainage systems and flood patterns to different rainfall events using a model coupling hydrological and hydrodynamic processes comprehensively reveals the specific problems of the study area and possible innovative solutions. The analytical method and knowledge gained can help support urban flood management in China and around the world.