关键词： 北宋   相国寺   文学   宗教   世俗   融合   超越  

摘要： 北宋东京相国寺是重要的皇家寺院和都城中著名的公共空间,具有神圣的宗教性和浓重的世俗性共存共荣的特质。北宋皇室对相国寺进行政治性干预的同时,又怀有对其宗教意味尊崇的心理。相国寺在显性浓重的世俗性中依然存在隐性神圣的宗教性。相国寺一面与世俗生活最大限度地融合,一面极力将宗教的教义在俗世的交易和生活中加以强调。

关键词： 都市写作   都市文学   爱情小说   张爱玲   张欣   南方沿海   白领女性   人物刻画  

摘要： 张欣,当代女性作家,以创作爱情小说知名,以都市为创作背景,作品多反应南方沿海城市白领女性的生活,展现快节奏、高压力的都市生活下职业女性生存的困境。张欣和张爱玲都是都市写作,可是展现了不同时代不同地域的都市人物故事,呈现出不同的创作风格,通过比较可以看到都市写作的共性,展现都市写作从现代走向当代的发展变化,这对未来都市文学创作有积极借鉴意义。本文具体从人物刻画、环境描写、时间跨度、人性展现四个方面进行两位女作家叙事共性和个性的呈现。

关键词： “铁西三剑客”   城市文学   日常生活叙事   宏大叙事   异托邦  

摘要： "铁西三剑客"东北城市文学型构,呈现出由"日常生活叙事"向"宏大叙事"合潮的鲜明特质。然而,在看似简单的趋向之下,却蕴含着福柯所示的"异托邦"型构之复杂性。深入其"异托邦"型构现场,其中既潜隐着"铁西三剑客"在成长经历中,"反宏大叙事"思潮下文坛"真实世界"同"镜像世界"相分裂所带来的潜在影响;又存在着文本型构现场之间,"铁西三剑客"以独特的"情感记忆版图""情感体验心理""情感生成基因",不自觉地由"日常生活叙事"拥入"宏大叙事"的型构细节。进而,在同既往城市文学书写谱系的比较中,从"异托邦"型构之层面,审视其"技术"与"意义"层面之外的复杂型构关系。

关键词： Urban flood management   Drainage system design   Staged optimization model   Uncertainty analysis  

摘要： Flood risk increases with climate change and rapid urbanization, which urgently needs to improve the capacity of urban drainage systems. In the study, a staged optimization model considering climate change and hydrological model uncertainty (SOCU) was proposed for urban drainage system design. The SOCU model refers to the construction of drainage system by stages instead of traditional implement-once plans, which was established based on an integration of staged optimization policy, urban hydrological model, generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method and chance-constrained programming (CCP) model. The staged optimization policy was employed to deal with the uncertainty of climate change. The GLUE method was adopted to analyze the uncertainty of urban hydrological model established by PCSWMM. Considering the uncertainty from urban hydrological simulation, the CCP model (one of the main methods of stochastic mathematical programming) was used to deal with the uncertainty of the optimization model. Subsequently, a case study of the Haidian Island of Hainan Province in China was used to demonstrate the proposed model. The result shows that the optimal investment is 183 million Yuan with a pumping capacity of 28.3 m(3)/s for the first stage and 38.4 m(3)/s for the next stage. The SOCU model is not only more flexible to adapt to climate change, but also is economically efficient (10% lower than implement-once plans). The urban drainage system design obtained from the SOCU model is more reliable and robust than traditional implement-once plans since the climate change and hydrological model uncertainty are simultaneously taken into account. Furthermore, the investment increases from 166 million Yuan to 195 million Yuan when the flood constraint satisfaction probability increases from 0.75 to 0.95. Therefore, the model could provide richer decision-making information than traditional implement-once plans and help decision makers seek a trade-off between sys

关键词： LCC   Life cycle cost   Life cycle costing   Life cycle cost analysis   Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA)   Urban agriculture   Literature review   Economic sustainability  

摘要： Purpose The aim of this research is to carry out a literature review of the use of life cycle costing (LCC) in the urban agriculture (UA) sector by analysing its evolution over a 22-year period from its beginning in 1996 to July 2018. Methods A total of 442 references were obtained from two principal databases, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS). After a long refining process, 20 (4.5%) references containing the keywords LCC and UA were selected for analysis. Then, we classified and organized the selected references in 4 groups. Qualitative methods were used for analysis, and results on general characteristics of the 20 references and by each group were elaborated. Lastly, we discussed and concluded the most significant findings. Limitations and future research were also included. Results and discussion Our major findings were as follows: (i) urban horticulture was the most studied urban agriculture practice among studies that used LCC for UA;(ii) LCC plays a secondary role in its integration with LCA;(iii) only 4 of the10 papers in group 1 used additional financial tools;(iv) very few (3) papers appropriately applied the four main LCC stages;and on the other side, essential costs like infrastructure, labour, maintenance, and end-of-life were frequently not included. Conclusions Since we found that life cycle assessment (LCA) was the predominant methodology, we suggest that future research apply both LCA and LCC analyses at the same level. The LCC analysis was quite incomplete in terms of the costs included in each LCC stage. We recommend that the costs at the initial or construction stage be considered a necessity in future studies in order to implement these new systems on a large scale. Due to the limited use of labour cost at the operation stage, we also suggest that labour be included as an essential part of the urban production process. Finally, for more complete LCC analysis for UA, we recommend (i) that all LCC stages be considered and (ii) that additional fina

关键词： Ecological water requirements   Urban rivers   Distributed hydrological model   Beiyun river  

摘要： The impacts of human activity lead to uncertainty and ambiguity when ecological water requirements (EWRs) are calculated based entirely on the current hydrological conditions of urban rivers, and the requirements for meeting the rivers' function will also be uncertain. Human activity and river function goals are important factors affecting EWRs. This paper discusses the definition of urban river EWRs and the uncertainties in the results of the calculation, and proposes a calculation method for urban river EWRs that is independent of human activity. The Beiyun River Basin, China, was selected for a case study. The EWRs of the Beiyun River were calculated by combining a precipitation frequency curve with a distributed hydrological model. The rationality of the calculated results was verified using the Tennant method and an evaporation plus seepage calculation for the river. The results of the calculation for the urban river EWRs method proposed in this paper are unique, and the total amount is not affected by human activities. With respect to wet, normal, and dry precipitation frequencies, the minimum, suitable, and ideal EWRs of the Beiyun River are 1.48 x 10(8) m(3), 2.79 x 10(8) m(3), and 3.57 x 10(8) m(3), respectively. The research conclusions are of great significance for the objective determination of the EWRs of urban rivers, and for promoting the appropriate planning and development of urban water. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： GR4H   IHACRES   large sample   paired catchments   rainfall-runoff modelling   urbanization impacts  

摘要： Landscape differences induced by urbanization have prompted hydrologists to define a fuzzy boundary between rural- and urban-specific hydrological models. We addressed the validity of establishing this boundary, by testing two rural models on a large sample of 175 French and United States (US) urbanized catchments, and their 175 rural neighbours. The impact of urbanization on the hydrological behaviour was checked using four metrics. Using a split-sample test, we have compared the performances, parameter distributions, and internal fluxes of GR4H and IHACRES, two conceptual and continuous models running at the hourly time step. Both model structures are based on soil moisture accounting reservoirs (infiltration, runoff, and actual evapotranspiration) and quick flow/slow flow routing components, with no consideration of any specific feature related to urbanization. Results showed: (a) Except for the ratio of streamflow flashiness to precipitation flashiness, the range of hydrological signature metrics in rural catchments encompassed the specificities of urbanized ones. Overall, the urbanized catchments showed higher ratios of mean streamflow to mean precipitation (median values: 0.39 vs. 0.27) and streamflow flashiness to precipitation flashiness (0.13 vs. 0.03), besides lower baseflow index (0.42 vs. 0.62) and shorter characteristic response time (3 vs. 14 hr). (b) The performances of GR4H revealed no significant distinction between rural and urbanized catchments in terms of Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE), whereas IHACRES better simulated urbanized catchments, especially during summer. (c) With respect to differences in urbanization level, the GR4H and IHACRES parameters showed different distributions. The differences in parameters were consistent with the differences in hydrological behaviour, which is promising for a model-based assessment of the impact of urbanization. (d) The models agreed less in reproducing the internal fluxes over the urbanized catchments than

关键词： shrinking cities   rightsizing   land bank   green infrastructure   urban austerity  

摘要： This article outlines the political economy critiques of the shrinking cities literature by answering the following: (1) how does the "shrinking cities" canon define a categorically distinct set of geographies with unique challenges and what solutions are proposed? and (2) how has the urban political economy literature engaged with and critiqued these ways of framing problems and solutions? This analysis finds that the "the shrinking city" is loosely defined and that debates exist around their exceptionalism. Urban political economy scholarship debates whether the solutions provided through shrinking cities literature are innovative alternatives to growth-oriented development or manifestations of austerity urbanism.