关键词： Hydrological longitudinal connectivity   Urbanization   Spatial response   Yangtze River Delta  

摘要： The variations of hydrological longitudinal connectivity are influenced by natural factors and human activities in the delta plain where many sluices are distributed in. Measuring the longitudinal connectivity changed by human controls (i.e. sluices) is still an open question. Besides, the spatial relationship between the longitudinal connectivity and urbanization is not clear. To this end, a reasonable indicator (Sluice Longitudinal Connectivity Index, SLCI), composed of sluice passage probability, passage efficiency, and cumulative effects of sluices, is proposed to detect the changes in the longitudinal connectivity in the flood and non-flood seasons. Based on this indicator, we took the Wu-Cheng-Xi-Yu region (WCXY) in China as a study region and detected the spatial impacts of the urbanization indices on the longitudinal connectivity by the geographically weighted regression. It is found that the average longitudinal connectivity in the non-flood season is 32% larger than that in the flood season in the WCXY region. The spatial distribution of the non-flood SLCI (values 0.6) is 26% larger than that of the flood SLCI. Spatially, the longitudinal connectivity is low (SLCI < 0.2) along the river and around the city where the sluices are distributed in. The longitudinal connectivity of the highly urbanized regions is lower than that of the lowly urbanized regions. Meanwhile, the relative effects of urbanization indices on the longitudinal connectivity can be sorted as follows: Landscape (69%) > Population (51%) > Economy (48%) in the nonflood season, and Population (88%) > Economy (63%) in the flood season.

关键词： Particulate organic matter   Urbanization   Carbon   Nitrogen   Isotope  

摘要： The deltaic and coastal region is an important area for transportation, production and transformation of organic matter (OM). However, the high degree of urbanization and seasonal variability of runoff in this region significantly impact source apportionments and biogeochemical processes of the OM. In this study, stable isotopes of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in both suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sedimentary organic matter (SOM) were measured in the highly urbanized Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The results revealed that source apportionments exhibited spatial variations due to different degrees of urbanization and seasonal variations due to seasonal changes in runoff. High urbanization could increase the contribution of sewage-derived OM in the SPM and decrease the proportion of soil OM in the SOM. Increased precipitation and runoff during wet season could result in a greater contribution of sewage-derived OM (55%), and decreased runoff during the dry season resulted in an increased proportion of phytoplankton (51%) in the SPM. Urbanization and runoff also affected C and N transformation processes of OM. An increased volume of sewage discharge due to urbanization provided nutrients for phytoplankton growth, promoting photosynthesis and assimilation processes. Increased light intensity due to decreased precipitation and runoff during the dry season could facilitate photosynthesis by phytoplankton. This study suggested that OM could record the impacts of urbanization and hydrology on C and N transformation processes in the rivers, further improving knowledge on the C and N cycling processes in highly urbanized river ecosystems.

关键词： Quantitative precipitation forecasts   Ensemble forecasts   Hydrology & hydraulics modeling   Urban flash flooding   Data analysis  

摘要： As the world becomes more urbanized and heavy precipitation events increase in frequency and intensity, urban (pluvial) flooding is an emerging concern. Recent advances in hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, high resolution quantitative precipitation forecasting, and ensemble forecasting have improved the ability to evaluate flash flooding potential in urban areas. The Probabilistic Urban Flash Flood Information Nexis (PUFFIN) app integrates these components into a tool to evaluate the probability of an urban flash flood event and to identify specific infrastructure components at risk. PUFFIN uses a combination of deterministic and probabilistic precipitation forecasts to provide analyses over a range of spatial and temporal resolutions. A case study for the City of Roanoke, Virginia in the United States demonstrates how PUFFIN can be used to assess the risk of urban flooding. However, with minimal modification, the application can be adapted for implementation in other locations.

关键词： Land use and land cover (LULC)   Land development intensity (LDI)   Hydrological cycle   Sekondi-Takoradi metropolitan area   Flooding   Groundwater  

摘要： Ghana's oil city-the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis-has rapidly urbanized over the past three decades. Combined with the effects of climate change, changes in land use and cover (LULC) threaten the hydrological cycle of the metropolis. It is, therefore, prudent to examine how the LULC change over time has impacted its watershed and the potential threats that such changes pose. This paper's objective was to investigate and discuss the potential impacts of land development intensity (LDI) on the local hydrology of the metropolis, using remote sensing and GIS. Our results revealed interesting dynamics in the LULC changes in the metropolis that may have immensely affected and continued to impact the local hydrological cycle. Of the overall urban expansion in the metropolis, more than 50% occurred within its main watershed, which covers about only 35% of the entire metropolis. Urban expansion within the watershed occurred at the expense of forest and agricultural lands. The continual LDI increase in the watershed has potential significant hydrological consequences in terms of flooding, groundwater subsidence, and saltwater intrusion. To achieve sustainable water management, it is critical that policy decisions recognize and incorporate the potential impacts of LULC changes to limit future impacts.

关键词： Aqueduct management   Bayesian mixing model   Costa Rica   hydrogen-2   isotope hydrology   oxygen-18   urban hydrology  

摘要： Water use by anthropogenic activities in the face of climate change invokes a better understanding of headwater sources and lowland urban water allocations. Here, we constrained a Bayesian mixing model with stable isotope data (2018-2019) in rainfall (N = 704), spring water (N = 96), and surface water (N = 94) with seasonal isotope sampling (wet and dry seasons) of an urban aqueduct (N = 215) in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Low delta O-18 rainfall compositions corresponded to the western boundary of the study area, whereas high values were reported to the northeastern limit, reflecting the influence of moisture transport from the Caribbean domain coupled with strong orographic effects over the Pacific slope. The latter is well-depicted in the relative rainfall contributions (west versus east) in two headwater systems: (a) spring (68.7 +/- 3.4 %, west domain) and (b) stream (55.8 +/- 3.9 %, east domain). The aqueduct exhibited a spatial predominance of spring water and surface water during a normal wet season (78.7 %), whereas deep groundwater and spring water were fundamental sources for the aqueduct in the dry season (69.4 %). Our tracer-based methodology can help improve aqueduct management practices in changing climate, including optimal water allocation and reduced evaporative losses in the dry season.

关键词： 乡土小说   留守女性   生存困境   情感世界   尴尬境遇  

摘要： 20世纪八九十年代以来,在现代化、城市化、市场化大潮的推动下,向城求生成为农民的一种价值取向和精神实践。但受城乡二元结构体制的限制,中国农村出现一个独特而庞大的留守妇女群体。世纪之交的乡土作家以强烈的现实主义精神,将笔触深入到乡村留守女性的心灵深处,书写出城乡二元结构下乡村留守女性生存图景,在其创作中展现了一个苦难与艰辛交融、寂寞与焦虑并存、留守与进城两难的留守世界,传达出对社会转型期乡村现实问题的思考,以及对现代化进程中乡村女性命运的关注。

关键词： 都市文学   文学运动   八九十年代   通俗文学   虹吸效应   中心舞台   清末民初   人才聚集  

摘要： 毫无疑义,上海都市文学是中国都市文学中的杰出代表。这一贯穿一百五十余年的文学运动,源自新上海崛起的强力推动,而由都市崛起引发的人口虹吸效应,则把最优秀的文学人才聚集在这里。尤其要提到,清末民初的通俗文学热、上世纪三四十年代都市文学兴起和八九十年代都市文学潮流回归等三次都市文学的起落,均发生在上海市中心的几十条街巷,这方圆二三十里的区域,被布置为中国都市文学的中心舞台。

关键词： 城市文化   关系   现代文学   研究   中国  

ISBN: (纸本)9787548241676

摘要： 本书从理论、视角与案例三个方面，系统、深入地阐述了城市文化与中国现代文学研究的重要问题。首先，该著从文化地理学、记忆理论等维度，探析了城市文化研究与作家研究相结合的可能性及具体路径，论述了文人游记、旅行指南、地方志等文献资料在城市文化研究中的独特作用，考察了中国现代作家的都市文化心理谱系的生成特征;然后，该书分别探讨了北京、上海、武汉、昆明等城市在中国现代文学史上的独特地位，分别阐明了这四座城市的空间环境和文化特质对于中国现代文学史发展的重要贡献。

关键词： Smart urban metabolism   Urban indicators   Urban metabolism   Smart urbanism   Urban smartness   Urban informatics   International standardization  

摘要： Smart urban metabolism is a hybrid approach-where technological, economic, environmental and social perspectives are simultaneously considered-to develop smart and sustainable cities. This characteristic makes smart urban metabolism a strategic tool for urban policymakers and managers, and planners. Nonetheless, little is known on about the indicators of smart urban metabolism. This study aims to shed light on what the specific indicators of smart urban metabolism are. The paper places international standards and indicators of urban systems under the microscope to determine their focus, and areas of action. The analysis exposes divergences in urban system evaluation approaches by international standardization organizations-particularly with a focus on whether they concentrate on urban smartness or urban metabolism. The results of the analysis demonstrate a challenge in integrating urban metabolism with urban smartness. In this sense, there is no international standard taken into consideration thus far. The study points out to a novel and invaluable approach to improve the understanding and awareness on internationally standardized urban indicators that characterize, and stimulate the knowledge on smart urban metabolism.

关键词： multi-year insurance   climate change   hydrological drought   water security and economy  

摘要： The sustainability of water utility companies is threatened by non-stationary drivers, such as climate and anthropogenic changes. To cope with potential economic losses, instruments such as insurance are useful for planning scenarios and mitigating impacts, but data limitations and risk uncertainties affect premium estimation and, consequently, business sustainability. This research estimated the possible economic impacts of business interruption to the Sao Paulo Water Utility Company derived from hydrological drought and how this could be mitigated with an insurance scheme. Multi-year insurance (MYI) was proposed through a set of "change" drivers: the climate driver, through forcing the water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) hydrological tool;the anthropogenic driver, through water demand projections;and the economic driver, associated with recent water price policies adopted by the utility company during water scarcity periods. In our study case, the evaluated indices showed that MYI contracts that cover only longer droughts, regardless of the magnitude, offer better financial performance than contracts that cover all events (in terms of drought duration). Moreover, through MYI contracts, we demonstrate solvency for the insurance fund in the long term and an annual average actuarially fair premium close to the total expected revenue reduction.