关键词： plug-in electric vehicle   economic model predictive control (EMPC)   vehicle-to-grid (V2G)   grid-to-vehicle (G2V)   optimisation   smart grid   vehicle-to-grid (V2G)  

摘要： The emergence of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is unveiling new opportunities to de-carbonise the vehicle parcs and promote sustainability in different parts of the globe. As battery technologies and PEV efficiency continue to improve, the use of electric cars as distributed energy resources is fast becoming a reality. While the distribution network operators (DNOs) strive to ensure grid balancing and reliability, the PEV owners primarily aim at maximising their economic benefits. However, given that the PEV batteries have limited capacities and the distribution network is constrained, smart techniques are required to coordinate the charging/discharging of the PEVs. Using the economic model predictive control (EMPC) technique, this paper proposes a decentralised optimisation algorithm for PEVs during the grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations. To capture the operational dynamics of the batteries, it considers the state-of-charge (SoC) at a given time as a discrete state space and investigates PEVs performance in V2G and G2V operations. In particular, this study exploits the variability in the energy tariff across different periods of the day to schedule V2G/G2V cycles using real data from the university's PEV infrastructure. The results show that by charging/discharging the vehicles during optimal time partitions, prosumers can take advantage of the price elasticity of supply to achieve net savings of about 63%.

关键词： Water policy   Political economy   Structural estimation   Bargaining  

摘要： In decentralized water management with earmarked budgets financed by user taxes and distributed back in the form of subsidies, net gains are often heterogeneous across user categories. This paper explores the role of negotiation over budget allocation and coalition formation in water boards, to provide an explanation for such user-specific gaps between tax payments and subsidies. We propose a bargaining model to represent the sequential nature of the negotiation process in water districts, in which stakeholder representatives may bargain upon a fraction of the budget only. The structural model of budget shares estimated from the data on French Water Agencies performs well as compared with reduced-form estimation. Empirical results confirm the two-stage bargaining process and provide evidence for systematic net gains from the system for agricultural water users.

关键词： mobility   migration and commuting cost   transportation cost   sustainable growth  

摘要： The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of transportation and mobility costs on the mobility of workers and the overall population between old and new capital cities. First of all, mobility costs clearly have a negative effect on utility;higher commuting costs could lead to the spatial dispersion of workers. In addition, if the monthly commuting cost exceeds 1290 USD between Seoul (the old capital) and Sejong (the new capital), it would be efficient for workers in Seoul to move to Sejong. Finally, the interregional population equilibrium could be achieved when the share of transportation cost to commodity price reaches 60.1%.

关键词： Input-Output   System Dynamics   Ecological-Economic Modelling   Feedback   Nursery  

摘要： While environmentally extended input-output (IO) models are commonly used for capturing interactions between ecosystems and economic systems, this kind of modelling cannot reflect interactions within the ecosystem. Isard's (1968) model has been the only exception. He entered interactions occurring within the ecosystem into IO. Nevertheless, given the linearity of IO, he could only analyze environmental issues in a linear fashion. We propose an alternative that reverses Isard's model types: the economic system is modelled within the ecosystem (not the contrary), as one of the ecosystem's components. To demonstrate its feasibility, we develop an ecological-economic model by integrating conventional economic IO within system dynamics (SD). After describing the methodological issues, we "test" the IO/SD model on ecological and economic data by applying it to the destruction and restoration of the Seine Estuary, France, where Common soles live. Our model brings insight into the consideration of feedback loops in the modelling of interactions between the ecosystem and the economic system. We believe such a tool may be of help to decision makers in mixing economic and environmental issues like, in our application case, fish habitat and harbour development. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 矿床地质   经济模型法   应用  

摘要： 随着我国的经济迅速发展,对资源能源的需求也在进一步加大,加强各类矿藏资源的开采满足人们的实际需要就显得比较重要。铜镍矿作为重要的应用资源,对其进行开采就要在预测基础上进行,保障准确找到铜镍矿资源。本文主要就铜镍矿矿床地质特征和成矿的过程详细分析,然后对经济模型法在铜镍矿预测中的应用理论和具体应用进行探究,希望能通过此次理论研究,有助于铜镍矿通过经济模型法得到准确预测。