关键词： Balance Sheet   Econometric Model   Macro Model   Engel Curve   American Economic Association  

摘要： An earlier paper presented models which allow the relative advantages of different prey dispersions to be assessed for two cases: when the prey's main defence is concealment, and when prey may evade the predator (Treisman 1975). With these as a basis, an economic model for predator-prey interaction is developed which takes explicit account of the conflicts between the need to maintain watch for a predator and the prey's other needs. The model embodies arguments based on statistical decision theory which allow factors such as the degree of predation threat, the watchfulness of the prey and the number of watchers to be related to the expected value of the prey's performance. The model provides a basis for predicting the optimal number of watchers or optimal group size under various conditions. The advantages of different group configurations are compared, and it is shown that animals which aggregate (and maintain a high sensory decision criterion) will have an advantage over solitary animals under certain conditions.

关键词： Optimal solutions   Linear models   Objective functions   Management science   Linear programming   Economic models   External economies   Price vector  

摘要： In decomposed linear programming models it is generally not possible to decentralize by prices alone. The Dantzig-Wolfe procedure, for instance, delegates weights on basic solutions in addition to the equilibrium prices. In this paper we present a decomposition procedure for linear models where we in addition to prices delegate a hierarchical ordering. In many problems this ordering makes the assignment of weights unnecessary, and gives the divisions more autonomy in their decision making. An operational condition is found for determining if, for any given problem, the new decomposition procedure will achieve coherent decentralization.

摘要： Using analogies from systems theory and economic theory, a more precise specification of the nature of the problem posed by ’turbulent’ organizational environments is developed. This analysis points to the need for macro-organizational theory to explain the behaviour of complex interorganizational systems. Models from political theory are used as a basis for studying the integrative problems of pluralistic systems and the process of macro-organizational management. The role of ’second order’ and ’network’ organizations in developing the capacity of a system to formulate and implement ’macro-policies’ is discussed.

关键词： Outdoor recreation   Forecasting models   Economic models   Economic benefits   Recreation demand   Supply   Consumer surplus   Travel expenses   Socioeconomics  

摘要： The growth in outdoor recreation activity over the past decade, and the increased limitations on the supply of natural environments and facilities required as inputs to this activity, have precipitated growing concern on the part of planners and managers over the adequacy of recreational facilities. This paper reviews the major economic modeling approaches for forecasting recreation activity, and for measuring the benefits from it. These approaches are major considerations in decisions on the planning, provision, and management of recreation areas and facilities.

关键词： Asymptotic Behavior   Economic Model   Dynamic Economic Model  

摘要： Economic growth models have been extensively used by planners studying the urban environment. Urban economies change, and these changes must be studied, evaluated, and for many purposes, forecasted. The economic model most frequently used—economic base—focuses on demand elements. Supply factors, though not ignored, have been less thoroughly studied, and little effort has been made to include them in formal models, yet technological change and its impact on urban economic structures and interurban locational elements has made the study of demand factors alone an in-sufficient basis for the analysis of long-term growth in the urban economy. It is argued that the time has come for urban model builders to change their emphasis when the focus is on urban economic growth. Some aspects of the problems involved when attempts are made to fit supply factors into these analytic structures are discussed.

关键词： 通货膨胀   勃罗   语言分析   哲学   社会科学   美国经济评论   报酬率   宏观经济模型   书刊  

摘要： 据美国《哲学与教育研究》(1965年春季号)的介绍说,勃罗纳教授写的《美国的教育理论》是一本值得注意的著作。他试图从历史的角度分析六种教育的传统,从而提出一种概念体系,并且通过这种体系发展作为学科或科学的未来教育的事实研究。勃罗纳一贯避免理论上的问题或者杜威所说的“生活的理想。”他所以能做到这一点是由于他紧密地坚持方法论的可靠根据,使他的研究脱离历史背景,并且很快地指出和否定不朝着正确方向进行的

关键词： 机能主义   人类学家   马克思辩证法   均衡模型   经济模型   理论综合   导向  

摘要： 机能主义(functionalism)和黑格尔-马克思辩证法各自强调社会现实两个根本方面的一面,因此是相互补充和可调和的。我的计划是依次考察机能主义和黑格尔-马克思辩证法的基本主张,说明每个理论作为完整社会模型的局限性,考察达林陀夫(Ralf Dah-rendorf)的一些重新陈述,最后通过保留和修正两种研究方法的要素来探索一个统—理论。

关键词： 准数   扩散控制   汽泡   准数方程   水平圆管   边界层厚度   扩散模型   经济模型  

摘要： (一) 在多元液体中新汽相的发生和长大过程与純液体中的有本貭不同。現有的准数综合式都沒有反映溶液沸騰的特殊性,对溶液沸騰給热是不适合的。溶液中的汽泡形成和长大可以分为两个阶段:初始导热控制阶段和扩散控制阶段。在第一阶段,汽泡长大是靠分子导热传过的热量使內层溶剂分子汽化,这一过程基本与Plesset-Zwick之模型相