关键词： CGE model   emissions   environmental indicators   policy modelling   technical information  

摘要： Environmental policies in industrialized countries are directed at phenomena like the greenhouse effect, acidification, eutrophication and waste accumulation. Environmental indicators, being a weighted average of individual emissions, measure each phenomenon. Since policymakers tend to have a preference for quantitative policy goals, improving the environment unarguably implies a reduction of emissions underlying the environmental indicators. The differences between environmental indicators are potentially large. Technical characteristics of emissions, determined by their relation to economic variables and the substitution possibilities of these economic variables, are very different. The policy simulations in this paper show these differences, which indicate the relevancy of adequate modelling efforts and sufficient detail with respect to the relation between emissions and human activity. Moreover, the results give an insight into the potential economic effects of improving the environment, which is relevant information for policymakers.

关键词： CORPORATION law   CONSOLIDATION & merger of corporations   CORPORATE culture  

摘要： Explains a boundary to the economic model of corporation law. Effect of obstructing corporate takeovers; Role of culture in Coasean restructuring; Discussion on corporate law characteristics as a function of cultural background; Analysis of the interaction between culture and economics; Details of political limits to the economic model.

关键词： Economics  

摘要： There are some fundamental economic uncertainties. We cannot forecast economic events with a very high scientific precision. It is very clear that there does not exist a unique "general" model, which can yield all answers to a wide range of macroeconomic issues. Therefore, we use several different kinds of models on segments of the macroeconomic problem. Different models can distinguish/solve economy desegregation, time series analysis and other subfactors involved in macroeconomic problem solving. A major issue becomes finding a meaningful method to link these econometric models. Macroeconomic models were linked through development of an Expert System for National Economy Model Simulations (ESNEMS). ESNEMS consists of five parts: (1) small-scale short-term national econometric model, (2) Methodology of Interactive Nonlinear Goal Programming (MINGP), (3) data-base of historical macro-economic aggregates, (4) software interface for interactive communications between a model and a decision maker, and (5) software for solving problems. ESNEMS was developed to model the optimum macro-economic policy of a developing country (SFRY-formerly Yugoslavia). Most econometric models are very complex. Optimizing of the economic policy is typically defined as a nonlinear goal programming problem. To solve/optimize these models, a new methodology, MINGP, was developed as a part of ESNEMS. MINGP is methodologically based on linear goal programming and feasible directions method. Using Euler's Homogeneous Function Theorem, MINGP linearizes nonlinear homogeneous functions. The highest priorities in minimizing the objective function are the growth of gross domestic product and the decrease of inflation. In the core of the optimization model, MINGP, there is a small-scale econometric model. This model was designed through analysis of the causal relations in the SFRY's social reproduction process of the past 20 years. The objective of the econometric model is to simulate potential short

关键词： Antihyperglycaemics   therapeutic use   Cost effectiveness   Pharmacoeconomics   Pioglitazone   therapeutic use   Thiazolidinediones   therapeutic use   Type 2 diabetes mellitus   treatment  

摘要： Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common disorder that is estimated to affect approximately 100 million people worldwide. Forecasts have suggested a substantial increase in incidence, mainly in Asia, Africa and North America. Thus, an increasing number of people with diabetes-related complications will have to be cared for in the future. This development will be a major health problem for the people affected, as well as a major health economic challenge for many countries. Thiazolidinediones represent a new class of drugs with a novel mechanism of action that addresses the root cause of T2DM. Their mode of action targets the core defect of T2DM, namely, insulin resistance. One of these drugs, pioglitazone, was recently approved by the Swedish authorities. To evaluate the cost effectiveness of this new drug, a published mathematical simulation model was used. This model was adapted to Swedish conditions, and local Swedish unit costs were put into the model. Modelling is necessary when performing economic evaluations in diabetes because of the complexity of the disease and its long time horizon. The cost-effectiveness analyses showed that the cost per life-year gained with pioglitazone combination therapy compared with current treatment ranged from 37 000 Swedish kronor (SEK) to SEK149 000. Although there is no threshold value for cost effectiveness in Sweden, the values presented would normally be regarded as cost effective in the Swedish healthcare system. Modelling studies are a good starting point, but long-term naturalistic studies are needed to establish the cost effectiveness of these new drugs.

关键词： 企业家技术   创新力   经济模型   技术创新   创新成本   创新收益  

摘要： 企业的技术创新活动是在企业家 (企业经营者 )的领导、推动下进行的。企业的技术创新能力与企业家的创新能力和创新动力有密切关系 ,它们的整合构成了企业家的创新力。从经济学的角度看 ,企业家从事创新活动的动力来自创新活动对于企业家的效用 ,即他在创新活动中得到的收益与付出的成本之差。因此 ,增加企业家的创新收益 。

关键词： 动态经济模型   黄金矿山   实用意义   Excel软件  

摘要： 论述了借助于Office软件中Excel编程功能 ,编制了黄金矿山的模拟动态经济模型 ,采用表与图 2种输出结果 。

关键词： 防灾投资   土地利用   不确定性   经济学模型   社会经济学   灾害   风险投资   消费者  

摘要： 在国内首次建立了防灾投资和土地利用的不确定性社会经济模型。与以往经济学模型的区别在于：首先把握住了灾害的不确定性，并将治水投资与现代社会的购地选择行为相联系。在此基础上引入多地域一般均衡理论，用不确定状况下的效用理论把握消费者的行为，用随机效用理论把握消费者经济主体价值观的多样性。该社会经济学模型不但可以把握不确定条件下的各社会经济主体的行为，分析防灾投资的效果，而且可以分析与防灾投资相联系的地区选择行为的运行机制。本文还以国内某地区的治水投资和土地利用预测实例说明了本经济学模型的实用性。

关键词： 非线性计量经济模型   参数估计   最小二乘法   最大似然估计  

摘要： 多元线性计量经济模型Y =Xβ+ε可以用普通最小二乘法 (OLS)、加权最小二乘法(WLS)或广义最小二乘法 (GLS)等方法去估计其参数 ,有一些类型的非线性计量经济模型可采用变量代换、对数变换等方法将其转换成线性模型再去估计参数 ,本文将讨论一类非线性计量经济模型Y =h(X ,β) +ε ,在 β的某一特定值处先求h(X ,β)的Taylor展开式 ,然后估计其参数的方法 ;以及在非线性计量经济模型中不仅在模型表达式右边出现参数 ,而且在模型表达式左边也出现参数的情况 ,形如 g(Y ,θ) =h(X ,β) +ε的模型进行讨论 ,特别以广义科比—道格拉斯生产函数模型　　lnY+θY =lnγ +α(1-δ)lnK+αδlnL

关键词： 转轨经济模型   投资体制   社会主义市场经济   中国   体制改革   投资决策  

摘要： 从中国投资体制改革的历史和现状出发 ,就建立社会主义市场经济过程中的投资体制问题 ,提出从中国的历史经验和具体实际两方面进行综合考虑的七个方面的建议。

关键词： 经济模型   动态模型   经济决策   计算机辅助分析方法   经济管理  

摘要： 本文讨论了如何在经济决策过程中充分发挥计算机技术的作用，通过一个动态计算机模型的实例讨论了系统工程建模的理论和方法。通过动态调节系统参数达到对不同情景下系统目标的直观演示。