摘要： We study a system of N agents, whose wealth grows linearly, under the effect of stochastic resetting and interacting via a tax-like dynamics -all agents donate a part of their wealth, which is, in turn, redistributed equally among all others. This mimics a socio-economic scenario where people have fixed incomes, suffer individual economic setbacks, and pay taxes to the state. The system always reaches a stationary state, which shows a trivial exponential wealth distribution in the absence of tax dynamics. The introduction of the tax dynamics leads to several interesting features in the stationary wealth distribution. In particular, we analytically find that an increase in taxation for a homogeneous system (where all agents are alike) results in a transition from a society where agents are most likely poor to another where rich agents are more common. We also study inhomogeneous systems, where the growth rates of the agents are chosen from a distribution, and the taxation is proportional to the individual growth rates. We find an optimal taxation, which produces a complete economic equality (average wealth is independent of the individual growth rates), beyond which there is a reverse disparity, where agents with low growth rates are snore likely to be rich. We consider three income distributions observed in the real world and show that they exhibit the same qualitative features. Our analytical results are in the N -> infinity limit and backed by numerical simulations. Copyright (C) 2022 EPLA

关键词： 销量   价格   收入   投机系数   经济模型  

摘要： 本文研究了企业在采用投机性经济发展(SPR)方式时的潜力:在这种情况下,改变价格的决定与产品生产和销售成本的增加没有直接关系。对经济的SPS分析是在构建经济和数学模型基础上进行的,可以通过一系列市场参数来表达生产商的净收入,从而获得经济发展的投机路径。这些市场参数包括商品或服务的销售价格和数量,需求的价格弹性,所考虑周期的通货膨胀率、生产成本系数等。确定了SMR环境下经济行为的优缺点,解决了企业负责人最佳决策方案的选择问题。本文的研究结果以模型方式进行说明。

关键词： 运输经济模型   物流运输   降本方式   降本增效   成本控制  

摘要： 现阶段,物流运输是整个物流过程中非常重要的部分,并且物流运输的整体费用占整个物流费用的50%,甚至更多,物流运输是"物流第三利益"非常重要的内容。因此,合理使用相关模型对物流运输成本进行严格控制,结合运输货物的实际情况,合理选择物流运输路线及货物运输方式,尽可能选择运输时间最少、运输路径最短、运输速度最快的路线及方式,在货物运输过程中做好相应的保护工作,并合理组织货物的配送,才能更好地提高物流运输的经济效益。鉴于此,本文对运输经济模型下的物流运输降本方式进行了相关论述。

关键词： 法经济分析   问题定性   数学模型   激励  

摘要： 兰德斯与波斯纳在《知识产权法的经济结构》中以传统的“成本与收益交换”经济学模型为基础建立了新的法经济学分析范式,以效率作为追求目标,同时平衡个人利益与社会福利,从而达到总的社会福利最大化。虽然两位作者对洛克和黑格尔的观点进行了反思,通过经济模型对著作权、商标权、专利权的具体制度构建进行了解读,但由于数学模型天然的局限,法经济分析在法律问题定性上缺乏说服力,而在定量问题上表现突出,提供了新的分析视角。

关键词： 模型预测控制   非线性系统   经济优化   微分对策   输入到状态稳定性  

摘要： 针对未知但有界扰动下约束非线性系统,提出一种新的鲁棒经济模型预测控制(Economic model predictive control,EMPC)策略,保证闭环系统对扰动输入具有输入到状态稳定性(Input-to-state stability,ISS).基于微分对策原理,分别优化经济目标函数和关于最优经济平衡点的鲁棒稳定性目标函数,其中经济最优性与鲁棒稳定性是具有冲突的两个控制目标.利用鲁棒稳定性目标最优值函数构造EMPC优化的隐式收缩约束,建立鲁棒EMPC的递推可行性和闭环系统关于最优经济平衡点相对于有界扰动输入到状态稳定性结果.最后以连续搅拌反应器为例,对比仿真验证本文策略的有效性.

关键词： 租赁与购买   塔式起重机   线性回归   经济模型  

摘要： 机械设备的租赁与购买是企业在生产经营活动中的重要决策,需通过现代科学方法为企业决策提供依据。以某企业租赁与购买的塔式起重机设备维修保养经济效益为研究对象,采用线性回归分析法,以期为其他企业租赁与购买塔式起重机决策提供参考依据。

关键词： Cost-effectiveness   schizophrenia   bipolar affective disorders   depressive disorders   psychotic disorders  

摘要： Background Healthcare decision makers require accurate long-term economic models to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of new mental health interventions. Aims To assess the suitability of current patient-level economic models to estimate long-term economic outcomes in severe mental illness. Method We undertook pre-specified systematic searches in MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO to identify reviews and stand-alone publications of economic models of interventions for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (PROSPERO: CRD42020158243). We screened paper titles and abstracts to identify unique patient-level economic models. We conducted a structured extraction of identified models, recording the presence of key predefined model features. Model quality and validation were appraised using the 2014 ISPOR and 2016 AdViSHE model checklists. Results We identified 15 unique patient-level models for psychosis and major depressive disorder from 1481 non-duplicate records. Models addressed schizophrenia (n = 6), bipolar disorder (n = 2) and major depressive disorder (n = 7). The predominant model type was discrete event simulation (n = 9). Model complexity and incorporation of patient heterogeneity varied considerably, and only five models extrapolated costs and outcomes over a lifetime horizon. Key model parameters were often based on low-quality evidence, and checklist quality assessment revealed weak model verification procedures. Conclusions Existing patient-level economic models of interventions for severe mental illness have considerable limitations. New modelling efforts must be supplemented by the generation of good-quality, contemporary evidence suitable for model building. Combined effort across the research community is required to build and validate economic extrapolation models suitable for accurately assessing the long-term value of new interventions from short-term clinical trial data.

关键词： Reinforcement learning   Parameter estimation   Model predictive control   Process optimization  

摘要： Economic model predictive control (EMPC) is a promising methodology for optimal operation of dynamical processes that has been shown to improve process economics considerably. However, EMPC performance relies heavily on the accuracy of the process model used. As an alternative to model-based control strategies, reinforcement learning (RL) has been investigated as a model-free control methodology, but issues regarding its safety and stability remain an open research challenge. This work presents a novel framework for integrating EMPC and RL for online model parameter estimation of a class of nonlinear systems. In this framework, EMPC optimally operates the closed loop system while maintaining closed loop stability and recursive feasibility. At the same time, to optimize the process, the RL agent continuously compares the measured state of the process with the model's predictions (nominal states), and modifies model parameters accordingly. The major advantage of this framework is its simplicity;state-of-the-art RL algorithms and EMPC schemes can be employed with minimal modifications. The performance of the proposed framework is illustrated on a network of reactions with challenging dynamics and practical significance. This framework allows control, optimization, and model correction to be performed online and continuously, making autonomous reactor operation more attainable.

关键词： 数字货币   区块链技术   经济模型   数字金融   互联网   超级账本   比特币   三年  

摘要： 想要研究区块链系统,对数字货币、经济理论的深入探索必不可少,如果不了解数字货币理论以及数字货币的经济模型,很难设计出一个新的区块链系统。区块链技术在2008年出现,经过多方面、长时间的发展,如今已经与从前大不相同。每隔三年,互联网就会进行整体的更迭,以三年为一代,比特币应该已经经过了四代,以太坊、超级账本各经过了两代,可以说,这些技术已经相对落后,越来越多的数字金融货币已经出现,我们必须深入研究新型区块链技术。