关键词： 火电厂   CO2捕集   EOR技术   工程-经济模型  

摘要： 文章基于Fluor Daniel Econamine FG技术,在介绍了其CO2捕集、纯化工艺流程的基础上,使用ProTreat软件对CO2捕集、纯化过程进行了模拟,经过对模拟数据回归分析,建立工程—经济模型。此模型可为大型火电厂、油田等企业投资CO2捕集、纯化技术提供一定的参考依据,可作为相关工程投资回报预算的重要手段。

关键词： 平均运行长度(ARL)   过程监控控制   T2控制图   统计经济模型  

摘要： 为了节约工业生产制造中经济成本,以平均运行长度ARL为标准在不同监控规则和不同相关联性下对多元T2控制图的监测性能进行分析比较,对成本经济模型进行优化,并结合中国某飞机制造集团公司实际生产数据进行分析。实证结果表明:在监控规则3下,用T2控制图进行统计过程监控控制,采样容量定为11,经济成本参数有效控制。本文所提统计设计经济模型是正确并有效的,并能够为中国某飞机制造公司实际生产提供指导。

关键词： 诉讼   和解   价格理论   交易成本   风险偏好   选择视野  

摘要： 诉讼与和解是两种最主要的民事纠纷解决机制。在诉讼爆炸以及诉讼成本高企的环境下,越来越多的民事纠纷通过和解机制得以消解。目前,法经济学界对纠纷主体"诉讼抑或和解"的选择动机主要有标准经济模型与价格理论模型两种阐释框架。根据这两种分析模型,"诉讼抑或和解"的选择不仅与纠纷市场中交易主体对案件判决的评估及交易成本相关,还与纠纷主体进行风险规避时的风险偏好和选择视野密切联系。

关键词： 食用菌   经济阈值   经济临界值   经营利润  

摘要： 首次分析了农村的中小规模食用菌栽培者所存在的经营收益问题,并从经济学角度建立了一套较为完整的经济分析方法,提出了农村食用菌栽培户经营的经营利润、经济阈值、经济临界值等经济指标,以期为广大农村食用菌栽培户的生产经营活动提供帮助。

关键词： O1   K49   H40   C72  

摘要： In an effort to understand why the relative usage of relational and legal contracts differs across societies, this article builds a political economy model of legal development where legal quality of contract enforcement is a costly public good. It finds that legal investment tends to be too small under elite rule but too large under majority rule in comparison with the socially optimal level. Furthermore, elite rule, low legal quality, and high-income inequality may form a self-perpetuating circle that hinders economic development. In contrast to the conventional view, this article suggests that the often-observed association between heavy reliance on relational contracts and under development is most likely caused by the presence of elite rule rather than by a more collective-oriented culture per se because it is optimal for societies better at using relational contracts to start legal investment relatively late and to have lower quality of legal enforcement.

关键词： Tourism destination   Product variety   Natural resources   Price coordination   Development strategy  

摘要： The paper models the optimal development strategy of a tourism destination by identifying and analyzing two key economic features: i) the long-term choice of whether to invest in the enhancing of natural and/or cultural resources (which act as common goods in the destination) or to increase the degree of sophistication of the tourism product (here intended as the variety of complementary services to accommodation that are demanded by tourists): ii) the short-term choice of whether or not to implement price coordination among local firms, a problem stemming from the anticommon nature of the tourism product. We build a two-stage model for the tourism destination, thus identifying the optimal degree of sophistication of the tourism product and the optimal institutional arrangement in terms of coordination. This approach helps shed light on the rationale underlying the development path taken by different destinations, thus overcoming some of the limits of existing literature and providing a simple taxonomy for the observed diversity of real-world destinations. Accordingly, we provide a classification of destinations based on the type of coordination and on whether the primary resource is natural, cultural or organizational. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

ISBN: (纸本)9787564217600

关键词： Cloud markets   Competition   Nash equilibrium   Capacity   Single-tier   Multi-tier  

摘要： Cloud computing is a paradigm that has the potential to transform and revolutionalize the next generation IT industry by making software available to end-users as a service. A cloud, also commonly known as a cloud network, typically comprises of hardware (network of servers) and a collection of softwares that is made available to end-users in a pay-as-you-go manner. Multiple public cloud providers (e.g., Amazon) co-existing in a cloud computing market provide similar services (software as a service) to its clients, both in terms of the nature of an application, as well as in quality of service (QoS) provision. The decision of whether a cloud hosts (or finds it profitable to host) a service in the long-term would depend jointly on the price it sets, the QoS guarantees it provides to its customers, and the satisfaction of the advertised guarantees. In the first part of the paper, we devise and analyze three inter-organizational economic models relevant to cloud networks. We formulate our problems as non cooperative price and QoS games between multiple cloud providers existing in a cloud market. We prove that a unique pure strategy Nash equilibrium (NE) exists in two of the three models. Our analysis paves the path for each cloud provider to know what prices and QoS level to set for end-users of a given service type, such that the provider could exist in the cloud market. A cloud provider services end-user requests on behalf of cloud customers, and due to the uncertainty in user demands over time, tend to over-provision resources like CPU, power, memory, storage, etc., in order to satisfy QoS guarantees. As a result of over-provisioning over long timescales, server utilization is very low and the cloud providers have to bear unnecessarily wasteful costs. In this regard, the price and QoS levels set by the CPs drive the end-user demand, which plays a major role in CPs estimating the minimal capacity to meet their advertised guarantees. By the term 'capacity', we imply t

关键词： Artrhroplasty   Computer navigation   Cost-effectiveness   Health economy   Register   Markov  

摘要： Background: The use of Computer Assisted Surgery (CAS) for knee replacements is intended to improve the alignment of knee prostheses in order to reduce the number of revision operations. Is the cost effectiveness of computer assisted surgery influenced by patient volume and age? Methods: By employing a Markov model, we analysed the cost effectiveness of computer assisted surgery versus conventional arthroplasty with respect to implant survival and operation volume in two theoretical Norwegian age cohorts. We obtained mortality and hospital cost data over a 20-year period from Norwegian registers. We presumed that the cost of an intervention would need to be below NOK 500,000 per QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Year) gained, to be considered cost effective. Results: The added cost of computer assisted surgery, provided this has no impact on implant survival, is NOK 1037 and NOK 1414 respectively for 60 and 75-year-olds per quality-adjusted life year at a volume of 25 prostheses per year, and NOK 128 and NOK 175 respectively at a volume of 250 prostheses per year. Sensitivity analyses showed that the 10-year implant survival in cohort 1 needs to rise from 89.8% to 90.6% at 25 prostheses per year, and from 89.8 to 89.9% at 250 prostheses per year for computer assisted surgery to be considered cost effective. In cohort 2, the required improvement is a rise from 95.1% to 95.4% at 25 prostheses per year, and from 95.10% to 95.14% at 250 prostheses per year. Conclusions: The cost of using computer navigation for total knee replacements may be acceptable for 60-year-old as well as 75-year-old patients if the technique increases the implant survival rate just marginally, and the department has a high operation volume. A low volume department might not achieve cost-effectiveness unless computer navigation has a more significant impact on implant survival, thus may defer the investments until such data are available.

关键词： Bio energy   cost-supply curves   environmental restrictions   harvest cost   scenarios  

摘要： Use of harvest residues for bioenergy is minimal in Norway, and the proposed increase of 14 TWh in annual bioenergy use by year 2020 may thus to a large part be based on residues from conventional timber harvesting. To judge the potential of harvest residues for bioenergy both in the short and long run, we present cost-supply curves for residue harvesting at national and regional levels. We produce different harvesting scenarios using the detailed forest model Gaya/J and a representative description of the Norwegian forest area from Norwegian national forest inventory (NFI) sample plots including environmental restrictions. Forest information is sufficiently detailed to estimate necessary biomass fractions and calculate costs of harvest residue extraction at plot level. We estimate a maximum annual energy production of 5.3 TWh from harvest residues with the present harvest level, which is far from the official target. In principle, there are two solutions for achieving this target;increase harvests and thus the corresponding residue supply, or increase the use of roundwood for energy purposes on the expense of pulpwood. Scenarios with long-run increase in timber production shows an annual energy potential from harvest residues in the range 6-9 TWh. Thus, to reach the political target roundwood must be used for energy production.